Male Reproductive Problems

Male Reproductive Problems
By:Fertilization Specialists
Joshua Prince
Preston Moore
Candace Lindler

Infertility
* Infertility is the inability of a couple to become pregnant

Treatment
Normospermia with functional defects
Asthenospermia and teratozoospermia
Oligospermia
Untreatable subfertility
Reversible toxin effects
Disorders of sexual function
Gonadotropin deficiency
Obstructive azoospermia
Sperm autoimmunity
Treatable conditions
Primary seminiferous tubule failure
Untreatable sterility
FREQUENCY (%)

TYPE OF INFERTILITY
Table 1. Classification Of Male Infertility By Effectiveness Of Medical Intervention To Improve Natural Conception Rate
* Sperm count equals the number of sperm per cm3 or cc
* The average has dropped in the past 20 years
* 85-90% are treated with medication or surgery
* Lifestyle changes

Normal Reproduction
* Ovulation
* Spermatogenesis
* Sperm meets with egg in fallopian tube
* Fertilization
* Implantation

Male Reproductive System
Female Reproduction System
Normal Spermatogenesis
Testes
* Spermatogonium (2N)
Differentiation
* Primary Spermatocyte (2N)
Meiosis I
* Secondary Spermatocytes
Meiosis II
* Spermatids
Differentiation
* Spermatozoa
Spermatogenesis
* Seminferous Tubules
90% of the testis
* Thousands of sperm per second although spermatogenesis 8-10 weeks
* Stored for months
* Degraded and deposited into the circulatory system if not ejaculated
Klinefelter Syndrome
* XXY instead of XX or XY
* usually male
* lower levels of testosterone
* improper formation of semineferous tubules

Bilateral Anorchia
* vanishing testes syndrome
* testes originally present but reabsorbed before or after birth
Oligospermia
* having too few sperm
* due to:
fever
excessive alcohol
smoking
varicocele
orchitis

Azoospermia
* total lack of sperm in ejaculate
* due to:
fever
undescended testicle
obstructions of seminal vesicles
testicle infection

Cryptorchidism
* 30% of males born premature
* 3% of males carried to term
* Predisposes the person to risk of torsion
* Androgen receptor
* Bilateral has six times the impact on infertility
* Increase in Temperature
* Testicular atrophy
* Treated at Childhood

Abnormalities
* Testicular torsion
of the spermatic cord cuts off the venous drainage, leading to hemorrhagic infarction
It is the twisting of the spermatic cords
Immediate treatment
* Testicular cancer

Illnesses
* Acute
* Chronic
Orchitis
STDs
* Fibropapilloma
Stimulants
Age
Gynecomastia
* Testicular Failure
* Androgen receptors
* Cirrhosis
* Tumors
* Illegal steroid
* Feminine characteristics

Examination
* Inflammation would cause pain
* Lack of hair
* Normal volume equals 15 to 35 ml
* Small is equal to 5 ml or less and would also signal androgen deficiency
* Hard lumps would signal tumors
* Softness would signal reduced spermatogenesis

Varicoceli
* Enlarged and twisted varicose veins
* 15-20% of men
* Elevates the temperature
* Obstructs passage of semen
* Obstructs oxygen supply
Environmental
* Polychlorinated biphenyls
* Testosterone
* Free Radicals
* Emotional stress

Physical Obstruction to Gamete Movement
* Blocked or absent seminal ducts
* Seminal fluid disorders
* Retrograde ejaculation
* Inability to ejaculate

Blocked or Absent Ducts
* Bilateral congenital absence of the vas deferens
* Obstruction of the epididymis or vas deferens
* Mechanical blockage during hernia repairs
* Blocked seminal vesicles

Seminal Fluid Disorders
* Absent antioxidant factors
* Abundant circulating free radicals

Retrograde Ejaculation
* Reverse ejaculation into the bladder
* Causes:
o Prostate surgery
o Certain medications
o Diabetes
o Spinal cord injuries
Inability to Ejaculate
* Erectile dysfunction
o Diabetes
o Prostate surgery
o Urethra surgery
o Blood pressure medications

Hormonal Obstruction to Gamete Movement
* Endocrine disorders
* Steroids
* Unexplained low levels of needed hormones

Endocrine Disorders
* Pituitary disorder
* Feminization
* Kallmann’s syndrome
* Hypothyroidism
* Other Causes

Improper Fusion of Sperm and Egg
* Antisperm Antibodies
o Immobilization
o Agglutinating
o Sperm-cervical mucus interaction
o Penetration of the egg
o Sperm fertilization
o Zygote development
Improper Fusion of Pronuclei
Miscarriage
Chemical Miscarriage
Molar Pregnancy
References

http://www.wernermd.com/Azoospermia.html
http://www.howtomakeafamily.com/experts/lewis/male_factor_infertility.htm
http://infertility.health-info.org/male-infertility/male-infertility-sperm-disorders.html
http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec21/ch240/ch240e.html
http://www.resolve.org/site/PageServer?pagename=lrn_jfm_mfed
http://www.resolve.org/site/PageServer?pagename=lrn_jfm_mfaa
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Gray8.png
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?indexed=google&rid=dbio.section.1412
http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/v3/n2/full/ncb0201_e59.html
http://www.babycenter.com/0_molar- pregnancy_1363614.bc?Ad=com.bc.common.AdInfo%40575bc872
http://www.wdxcyber.com/chemical_pregnancies.html
http://www.merck.com/mmpe/print/sec19/ch282/ch282f.html
http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20061208102440AA2g80G
http://www.varicocelespecialists.com/faq3.htm
http://www.endotext.org/male/male7/maleframe7.htm
http://copa.org/med/sperm.htm
http://www.ivf.com/shaban.html
http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/eduweb/virtualembryo/spermatogenesis.html

Male Reproductive Problems.ppt