Management Considerations for Patients on Anticoagulants
Dental Management of Patients on Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Drugs
By:Donald A. Falace, DMD
Professor and Division Chief
Oral Diagnosis and Oral Medicine
University of Kentucky College of Dentistry
Normal Hemostasis
Following injury to a blood vessel:
* Vascular retraction (vasoconstriction) to slow blood loss
2. Adherence of platelets to the vessel wall (endothelium) and then to each other to form a platelet plug
3. Initiation of the coagulation cascade resulting in the formation and deposition of fibrin to form a clot
Coagulation Cascade
* Extrinsic pathway: Factor VII is activated by tissue factor (phospholipid) that is released by injured perivascular or vascular tissues; very rapid reaction
* Intrinsic pathway: Factor XII is activated by exposure to collagen from vessel wall (endothelium) or blood cell membrane; slower reaction
* Anticoagulants:
o Inhibit the production of clotting factors
* Antiplatelet Agents:
o Interfere with the functioning of platelets, thus inhibiting platelet aggregation
Anticoagulants
Coumarin Derivitives (dicoumarol, warfarin: Coumadin, Panwarfin)
Coumadin antagonizes the production of vitamin K
Vitamin K is necessary for the synthesis of four of the coagulation factors (VII, IX, X and prothrombin)
Pharmacologic Properties (warfarin: Coumadin)
* Taken orally
* Metabolized in the liver
* Half-life: 1.5-2.5 days
* Duration of action: 2-5 days (it takes several days for dosage changes to take effect)
* Increased anticoagulant effect when combined with:
o Antibiotics
o Aspirin
o NSAIDs
o Antifungals
o Tramadol
o Tricyclic antidepressants
o Certain herbals (gingko, ginsing, ginger, garlic)
Co-morbid Conditions That Can Contribute to Increased Bleeding
* Liver disease
* Kidney disease
* Tumor
* Bone marrow failure
* Chemotherapy
* Autoimmune diseases
Conditions for which Coumadin is prescribed to prevent unwanted blood clotting
* Prophylaxis/Treatment of:
o Venous thrombosis (DVT)
o Pulmonary embolism
o Atrial fibrillation
o Myocardial infarction
o Mechanical prosthetic heart valves
o Recurrent systemic embolism
Laboratory Tests to Monitor the Activity of Coumadin
* Prothrombin Time (PT): time for fibrin formation via the extrinsic pathway-factor VII
o Test performed by taking a sample of the Pt’s blood and adding a reagent (thromboplastin) and calculating the time required to form a clot; expressed in seconds
* PT Ratio: Pt’s PT/Normal PT
* Normal PT ration = 1
* Problem: There is variation among thromboplastin reagents, therefore the results from lab to lab are not comparable
Same patient- Same blood
5 different laboratories - 5 different PT Ratios!
Solution: International Normalized Ratio (INR)
o A mathematical “correction” that corrects for the differences in the sensitivity of thromboplastin reagents
o Each thromboplastin is assigned an ISI number which is a sensitivity index
o This correction makes INR values comparable from lab to lab
o Normal INR = 1 (an INR of 2 means that their INR is 2 times higher than normal)
Same Patient-Same Blood
Reported by INR
Recommended Therapeutic Range for Oral Anticoagulant Therapy
(American College of Chest Physicians: Chest 1998; 114(suppl): 439-769s)
INR: 2.0-3.0
Prophylaxis or treatment of venous thrombosis
Treatment of pulmonary embolus
Prevention of systemic embolism
Tissue heart valves
Acute MI
Atrial fibrillation
Recommended Therapeutic Range for Oral Anticoagulant Therapy
(American College of Chest Physicians: Chest 1998; 114(suppl): 439-769s)
* INR: 2.5-3.5
o Mechanical prosthetic valves (high risk)
o Acute MI (to prevent recurrent MI)
o Certain patients with thrombosis and the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (antibodies that interfere with the assembly of phospholipid complexes and thus inhibit coagulation)
Dental Management Guidelines
* There are no uniformly accepted guidelines for managing anticoagulated patients during dental treatment
* Previous AMA/ADA recommendation was that it was safe to perform surgery on a patient if the PT was 1.5-2.5x normal. This, however, is equivalent to an INR of 2.6-5.0 depending on the sensitivity of the various thromboplastins; an average PT of 1.6 = INR of 3!
* This clinical problem is not amenable to a “cookbook” approach
* Each patient must be considered individually and you must take into consideration the risk-benefit of stopping vs continuing anticoagulation (they are on anticoagulants because they are at risk for thromboembolism)
* Your decision depends upon:
o Medical condition/stability
o Degree of anticoagulation
o Magnitude of planned surgery
o Scientific evidence
* If questionable, decision should be a shared with physician
What does the scientific literature tell us?
* Updated a previous study (Wahl,MJ: Dental surgery in anticoagulated patients. Arch Int Med. 1998;158:1610-1616) and added more cases (26 studies)
* A review of more than 2400 cases of dentoalveolar surgery on more than 950 patients undergoing multiple extractions, full mouth exts, alveoloplasties whose anticoagulant was continued (many with INR > than therapeutic levels)
o 12 cases (0.5%) experienced bleeding that was uncontrollable by local measures alone
o Of these 12, 7 had an INR> than therapeutic levels & 3 were on antibiotics
o 3 required vitamin K administration to stop the bleeding
* Reviewed case reports of 493 patients whose anticoagulant had been discontinued prior to dental extractions and other dental procedures
* 5 pts (1%) suffered significant adverse outcomes
o 4 patients had fatal embolisms
o 1 patient had a non-fatal embolism
Devani,P: Dental extractions in patients on warfarin: Is alteration of anticoagulant regime necessary?
Brit JOMFS 1998;36;107-111
* Compared 2 groups of extraction patients undergoing an average of 2 extractions (range of 1-9 teeth)
o 32 pts with anticoagulant discontinued prior to surg with INR 1.5-2.1, and
o 33 pts with anticoagulant continued with INR of 2.3-3.4. Local measures only for hemostasis (atraumatic technique, sutures, gauze, etc)
* None in either group had significant post-op bleeding; 1 pt in each group required additional local measures to control delayed oozing
* Compared blood loss of 3 groups of dentoalveolar surgery pts
o 12 pts who continued anticoagulant with INR 1.2-2.9
o 13 pts who discontinued anticoagulant 3-4 days with INR 1.1-3.0
o 10 pts who were never on anticoagulant (INR not tested)
* No significant difference in blood loss among groups and no serious postoperative bleeding requiring intervention
* Conducted a systematic review and synthesis of the English language literature from 1966-2001 examining the perioperative management and outcomes of patients receiving long term oral anticoagulant therapy; included a comprehensive review of 26 case reports and studies examining bleeding and thromboembolism after dental procedures (minor ext, fmx, alveolectomies)
* Conclusion: Most patients undergoing dental procedures can undergo the procedure without alteration of the OAC regimen. The current literature suggests that the perioperative stroke rate for patients who have OAC withheld may be substantially greater than would be normally predicted
Conclusions
* It would thus appear that most patients who are on anticoagulant therapy (Coumadin) can undergo minor dentoalveolar surgery without discontinuance of anticoagulant using local/topical measures if:
o INR is within the therapeutic range (<3.5)
o No assoc aggravating conditions (e.g. antibiotics, liver or kidney disease)
o Planned surgery is “minor” (extractions, alveoloplasty, biopsy)
* If anticoagulant needs to be adjusted (INR>3.5), this is the responsibility of the physician
Antiplatelet Agents Normal Platelet Function
Platelets adhere to the area of injured endothelium (mediated by von Willebrand factor)
Platelets adhere to each other and form a scaffolding for fibrin deposition (von Willebrand
factor is a carrier protein for factor VIII)
Uses for Antiplatelet Drugs
* Prevention of heart disease
* During heart attack
* Unstable angina
* Following heart attack
* During or following angioplasty and stenting
* Prevention of stroke or TIA
* Atrial fibrillation (low risk patient)
* Peripheral vascular disease
Antiplatelet Drugs
* Aspirin (irreversible effect for life of the platelet ~ 7-10 days)
* NSAIDs (reversible effect; limited to duration of drug)
o Cox-1 (renal blood flow, fluid/electrolyte transport, stomach mucosal integrity, vasomotor tone, platelet aggregation)
o Cox-2 (inflammation)
* Clopidogrel (Plavix)
* Ticlopidine (Ticlid)
* Dipyridamole (Persantine)
Action of Antiplatelet Drugs
*The life of a platelet is about 7-10 days
Laboratory Tests to Monitor the Effects of Antiplatelet Drugs
* Ivy Bleeding time: measures the length of time a patient bleeds after a standardized incision.
o low reproducibility
o questionable sensitivity
o poor correlation to clinical bleeding tendency
o normal: 1-6 or 7 minutes
o conventionally, a bleeding time >20 minutes has been considered likely to result in clinically significant bleeding
* Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA-100)
o currently the most widely used autoanalyzer
o not yet available in all laboratories
o measures the time it takes to form a platelet plug across the aperature of a capillary tube
o normals: 60-120 seconds
o guidelines not currently available for application of PFA-100 results to clinical bleeding probability
Antiplatelet Drugs and Postoperative Bleeding?
* Very limited literature on this topic
* Most of the studies deal with aspirin
* Little information available on the other antiplatelet drugs
* Most of the recommendations are based upon clinical experience, case reports and expert opinion
Aspirin and Bleeding
* In all studies, aspirin was continued
* All three studies found no significant difference in perioperative or postoperative blood loss between patients taking aspirin and controls
* Medline review and analysis of all articles from 1966-2002 on surgery and bleeding complications due to aspirin
* No clinically relevant bleeding complications were reported for cardiovascular, vascular, or orthopedic surgery, or epidural anesthesia; there was an increase in clinically non-relevant bleeding induced by aspirin
* Conclusion: There is no scientific evidence to support the withdrawal of aspirin in patients prior to surgery
Current Practice in Great Britain
* The general consensus of opinion from this survey suggests that most vascular surgeons do not stop antiplatelet drugs preoperatively
Expert Opinion Canada
* Conclusion: Aspirin should not be withdrawn in most cases
o If pt is on aspirin, clopidogrel or ticlopidine and intraoperative bleeding is feared, a short-acting NSAID can be temporarily substituted
Summary: Antiplatelet Agents
* Clinical experience, expert opinion, anecdotal reports and available studies suggest that for most patients undergoing dentoalveolar surgery, it is not necessary to discontinue the use of aspirin or other antiplatelet agents if used alone. The use of these agents is not usually associated with significant (serious) operative or postoperative bleeding.
* If two agents are used together (e.g. aspirin and clopidogrel), the risk for bleeding is likely increased, and depending upon the extent of the surgery, should be discussed with the physician
Local Measures to Control Postoperative Bleeding
* Careful, atraumatic surgical technique
* Use of absobable hemostatic agent in socket (e.g. Gelfoam,Avitene,Surgicel)
* Careful suturing; primary closure over sockets not essential
* Post-operative pressure pack (damp gauze for 30-60 minutes); especially important for flap compression
* May use antifibrinolytic agents: tranexamic acid [Cyklokapron Oral] or epsilon amino caproic acid [Amicar] as a mouthwash or to soak pressure gauzes
Antifibrinolytic Mouthrinses
* Epsilon amino caproic acid (Amicar)
o Syrup (1.25 gm/5cc) , 5-10 mL QID X 7 days
o Use either as mouthwash or as a soak for the pressure gauze
* Tranexamic acid (Cyklokapron)
o Used topically as 10 mL of a 4.8% -5% weight/volume solution as a mouthwash for 2 minutes, QID, for 7 days
o Unfortunately, the 4.8% elixir is not FDA approved for use in the USA market
Additional Postoperative Measures
Management Considerations for Patients on Anticoagulants.ppt
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