Managing Low Birth Weight and Sick Newborns
Advances in Maternal and Neonatal Health
Session Objectives
* To define essential elements of the care of sick newborns, including neonatal resuscitation
* To discuss best practices and technologies
Management of Newborn Illness
* Education of mothers to recognize danger signals
* Working with families to develop complication plan for newborns
* Early recognition and appropriate management of newborn illness
Minimum Preparation for ANY Birth
The following should be available and in working order:
* Heat source
* Mucus extractor
* Self-inflating bag of newborn size
* 2 masks (for normal and small newborns)
* 1 clock
* At least one person skilled in newborn resuscitation present at birth
Essential Care for All Newborns
Most newborns breathe as soon as they are born and only need:
* A clean and warm welcome
* Vigilant observation
* Warmth
* To be observed for breathing
* To be given to the mother for warmth and breastfeeding
Immediate Care of the Newborn: Warmth
* Lay newborn on mother’s abdomen or other warm surface
* Immediately dry newborn with clean (warm) cloth or towel
* Remove wet towel and wrap/cover newborn, except for face and upper chest, with a second towel/cloth
* Blood on newborn is not a risk to newborn, but is a risk to caregiver
* Bathe after 24 hours
* In areas with high HIV prevalence, consider bathing earlier to reduce risk of maternal-fetal transmission, and to reduce risk to caregiver and to other newborns
Immediate Care of the Newborn
* Assess breathing
* Keep head in a neutral position
* IMMEDIATELY assess respirations and need for resuscitation
Signs of Good Health at Birth
Objective measures
* Breathing
* Heart rate above 100 beats/minute
Subjective measures
* Vigorous cry
* Pink skin
* Good muscular tone
* Good reactions to stimulus
* Most important measure is whether newborn is breathing
* Assessing all of above delays resuscitation, if it is necessary.
Birth Asphyxia
* Definition: Failure to initiate and sustain breathing at birth
* Magnitude:
o 3% of 120 million newborns each year in developing countries develop birth asphyxia and require resuscitation
o An estimated 900,000 of these newborns die as a result of asphyxia
Steps in Resuscitation
* Anticipate need for resuscitation at every birth, be prepared with equipment in good condition
* Prevent of heat loss (dry newborn and remove wet clothes)
* Assess breathing
* Resuscitate:
o Open airway
+ Position newborn
+ Clear airway
o Ventilate
o Evaluate
Assess Breathing
Newborn crying?
Provide routine care
* Chest is rising symmetrically
* Frequency >30 breaths/min.
* Not breathing/ gasping
* Breathing < 30 or > 60 breaths/ min.
Immediately start resuscitation
Provide routine care
Open Airway
* Position newborn on its back
* Place head in slightly extend position
* Suction mouth then nostrils
Ventilate
* Select appropriate mask size to cover chin, mouth and nose with a good seal
* Squeeze bag with two fingers or whole hand, look for chest to rise
* If chest not rising:
o Reposition head and mask
o Increase ventilation
o Repeat suctioning
Evaluate
After ventilating for about 1 minute, stop and look for spontaneous breathing
If no breathing, breathing is slow (< 30 breaths/ min.) or is weak with severe indrawing
If newborn starts crying/breathing spontaneously
Continue ventilating until spontaneous cry/ breathing begins
* Stop ventilating
* Do not leave newborn
* Observe breathing
* Put newborn skin-to-skin with mother and cover them both
Harmful and Ineffective Resuscitation Practices
Practices to be avoided include:
* Routine aspiration of the newborn’s mouth and nose as soon as the head is born
* Routine aspiration of the newborn’s stomach at birth
* Stimulation of the newborn by slapping or flicking the soles of her/his feet: only enough stimulation for mildly depressed-delays resuscitation
* Postural drainage and slapping the back: dangerous
* Squeezing the chest to remove secretions from the airway
* Routine giving of sodium bicarbonate to newborns who are not breathing
* Intubation by an unskilled person
* Some traditional practices:
o Putting alcohol in newborn’s nose
o Sprinkling or soaking newborn with cold water
o Stimulating anus
o Slapping newborn
Infection Prevention for Resuscitation
* Handwashing
* Use of gloves
* Careful suctioning if using a mucus extractor operated by mouth
* Careful cleaning and disinfection of equipment and supplies
o Do not reuse bulb—difficult to clean, poses risk of cross infection
* Correct disposal of secretions
Documentation
Details of the re
Post-Resuscitation Tasks: Successful Resuscitation
Post-Resuscitation Tasks: Unsuccessful Resuscitation
Policy Decisions for Resuscitation
Principles of Success
Care of the Low Birth Weight Newborn
Care of the Preterm Newborn
Principles of Management for Low Birth Weight and Preterm Newborns
* Warmth
* Feeding
* Detection and management of complications (e.g., resuscitation, assisted respiration)
As for all newborns:
* Lay newborn on mother’s abdomen or other warm surface
* Dry newborn with clean (warm) cloth or towel
* Remove wet towel and wrap/cover with a second dry towel
* Bathe after temperature is stable
Warmth: Problem with Incubators
* Potential source of infection
* Often temperature controls malfunction
* Often share incubator for more than one newborn
Need alternative method: kangaroo care
Feeding
Early and exclusive breastfeeding
* Breastmilk = best nourishment
* Already warm temperature
* Facilitated by kangaroo care
Definition of Kangaroo Care
* Early, prolonged and continuous skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her newborn
* Could be in hospital or after early discharge
How to Use Kangaroo Care
* Newborn’s position:
o Held upright (or diagonally) and prone against skin of mother, between her breasts
o Head is on its side under mother’s chin, and head, neck and trunk are well extended to avoid obstruction to airways
* Newborn’s clothing:
o Usually naked except for nappy and cap
o May be dressed in light clothing
o Mother covers newborn with her own clothes and added blanket or shawl
* Newborn should be:
o Breastfed on demand
o Supervised closely and temperature monitored regularly
* Mother needs lots of support because kangaroo care:
o Is very tiring for her
o Restricts her freedom
o Requires commitment to continue
Effectiveness of Kangaroo Care
* Randomized controlled trial
* Conducted in three tertiary and teaching hospitals in Ethiopia, Indonesia and Mexico
* Study effectiveness, feasibility, acceptability and cost of kangaroo mother care when compared to conventional methods of care
Benefits of Kangaroo Care
* Is efficient way of keeping newborn warm
* Helps breathing of newborn to be more regular; reduce frequency of apneic spells
* Promotes breastfeeding, growth and extra-uterine adaptation
* Increases the mother’s confidence, ability and involvement in the care of her small newborn
* Seems to be acceptable in different cultures and environments
* Contributes to containment of cost— salaries, running costs (electricity, etc.)
Summary
* Skilled attendant
* Equipment available and working
* Begin resuscitation immediately
o Ventilate
o Reassess frequently
o Kangaroo care once successful
References
Managing Low Birth Weight and Sick Newborns.ppt
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