Showing posts with label Anatomy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Anatomy. Show all posts

23 April 2015

Endoplasmic Reticulum Ppts and latest 200 published articles



Endoplasmic Reticulum

The Endomembrane System
http://www.haverford.edu

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
http://www.morgancc.edu

Cell Structure and Function
http://facstaff.bloomu.edu

Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
http://www.faculty.biol.ttu.edu

Cell Structure: A Tour of the Cell
http://www.lamission.edu/

Key Cell Concepts
http://facstaff.gpc.edu/

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
http://users.ipfw.edu

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Shai Carmi, Bar-Ilan University
http://www.cs.columbia.edu

Cell Cycle Phases
Chase Findley, MSIV
http://som.uthscsa.edu/

Induction of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Anahita Fallahi, Brian Dixon  , Tory Hagen, Ph.D.
http://oregonstate.edu/

Endoplasmic Reticulum
http://faculty.msmc.edu

latest 400 Published articles of Endoplasmic Reticulum

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31 October 2010

Neuroanatomical Techniques



Neuroanatomical Techniques

Presentation by
Armin Blesch, Ph.D.
Harvey Karten, M.D.

Objectives

Neuroanatomical techniques
History of modern neuroanatomy
Rudolf  Albert von Kölliker  (1817-1905)
nucleus  of Kölliker (Rexed  lamina X), continuity of axon and neuron
Heinrich  Wilhelm Gottfried Waldeyer (1837-1921)
Introduced  the term “neuron”  and “chromosome”

Camilio  Golgi   (1843-1926)
Golgi  method; Golgi cells;  Golgi apparatus; Golgi  tendon organ; Golgi-Mazzoni  corpuscle
Santiago  Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934)
Cajal's gold-sublimate method for astrocytes
horizontal  cell of Cajal (Retzius-Cajal cell in cortex
interstitial  nucleus of Cajal

Golgi Stain

Common immunohistochemical stains
Golgi: selective random neuron and fibers
Hematoxylin/Eosin: cell stain
Nissl (thionin): cell body stain
Kluver Barrera: mixed cell fiber stain
Weil: myelinated fiber stain
Acetycholine-esterase
Anterograde and Retrograde Tracing
Brief History of Tracing
(Grafstein, 1967)
(Kristensson & Olsson, 1971)
Fink-Heimer stain
(Heimer 1999)

Chromatolysis

http://cclcm.ccf.org/vm/VM_cases/neuro_cases_PNS_muscle.htm
Anterograde tracing with radioactive amino acids
Edwards and Hendrickson
in: Neuroanatomical tract tracing
Retrograde labeling of spinal motor neurons with HRP
Van der Want  et al.1997
Types of tracers
Application of tracers
Uptake Mechanisms
Active uptake:
Passive incorporation: lipophilic substances
Intracellular injection
Transport
Detection
Fluorescence
Enzyme reaction: HRP (WGA-HRP, CTB-HRP)
Antibodies e.g. CTB
Streptavidin-HRP conjugate for biotinylated tracers e.g. BDA, biocytin
Lectins and Toxins
WGA-HRP
Cholera Toxin beta subunit (CTB)
Retrograde, anterograde and transganglionic
Detection: antibody, HRP conjugate, conjugated to fluorophor
Application: 1 % aqueous solution, iontophoresis or pressure injection
Different efficiency in labeling among different neuronal populatioins and species
Transganglionic tracing of sensory axons with CTB
PHA-L
Anterograde tracing with PHA-L
Gerfen et al. in:
Neuroanatomical tract tracing
FITC/RITC
Fluoresceine isothiocyanate (FITC): green Rhodamine isothiocyanate (RITC): emission >590 nm (red)
Anterograde and retrograde transport
Pressure injection of 1-3% aqueous solution
Lipophilic Carbocyanine Dyes
Lipophilic Carbocyanine Dyes
Labeling of radial glia
Thanos et al. 2000
Dextran amines
Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA)
BDA
Reiner et al. 2000
Anterograde tracing of corticospinal axons
Biocytin/Neurobiotin
Application: 5% solution, pressure injection or iontophoresis
Fast degradation-short survival time 2-3 days
Mostly anterograde transport
Requires glutaraldehyde fixation
Retrograde tracers
All anterograde tracers are partially transported retrogradely
Purely retrograde tracers:
Fast Blue (FB)
Diamidino Yellow (DiY)
Microspheres
Edmund Hollis, UCSD
Scale bar 100 µm
Fluorogold
Fluorogold
Naumann et al. 2000
Ling Wang, UCSD
Cell filling
Viruses
Choosing the Right Tracer
Transgenic “Golgi” stains

GENSAT
 Objective: generate BAC-transgenic mice expressing GFP or CRE under the control of a gene specific promoter
 In situ Hybridization
 Emulsion Autoradiograpy
 Double labeling

Blurton-Jones et al
Blurton-Jones et al

Multiplex mRNA detection
Dave Kosman (Ethan Bier and Bill McGinnis labs, UC San Diego)
http://superfly.ucsd.edu/%7Edavek/images/quad.html
Immunohistochemistry
 Detection Methods
 TSA

Neuroanatomical Techniques.PPT

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11 April 2010

Anatomy of Respiratory System



Anatomy of Respiratory System

Organization and Functions of the Respiratory System
* Consists of an upper respiratory tract (nose to larynx) and a lower respiratory tract ( trachea onwards) .
* Conducting portion transports air.
- includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and progressively smaller airways, from the primary bronchi to the terminal bronchioles

* Respiratory portion carries out gas exchange.
- composed of small airways called respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts as well as air sacs called alveoli

Respiratory System Functions
* supplies the body with oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide
* filters inspired air
* produces sound
* contains receptors for smell
* rids the body of some excess water and heat
* helps regulate blood pH

Breathing
* Breathing (pulmonary ventilation). consists of two cyclic phases:
* inhalation, also called inspiration - draws gases into the lungs.
* exhalation, also called expiration - forces gases out of the lungs.

Upper Respiratory Tract
* Composed of the nose and nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx (throat), larynx.
* All part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system.
Respiratory mucosa
* A layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus
* Found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and trachea
* Mucus can trap contaminants
o Cilia move mucus up towards mouth

Upper Respiratory Tract

Nose
* Internal nares - opening to exterior
* External nares opening to pharynx
* Nasal conchae - folds in the mucous membrane that increase air turbulence and ensures that most air contacts the mucous membranes

Nose
* rich supply of capillaries warm the inspired air
* olfactory mucosa – mucous membranes that contain smell receptors
* respiratory mucosa – pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing goblet cells that secrete mucus which traps inhaled particles,
* lysozyme kills bacteria and lymphocytes and
* IgA antibodies that protect against bacteria

provides and airway for respiration
• moistens and warms entering air
• filters and cleans inspired air
• resonating chamber for speech
detects odors in the air stream
rhinoplasty: surgery to change shape of external nose

Paranasal Sinuses
* Four bones of the skull contain paired air spaces called the paranasal sinuses - frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary
* Decrease skull bone weight
* Warm, moisten and filter incoming air
* Add resonance to voice.
* Communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts.
* Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Paranasal sinuses

Pharynx
* Common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems.
* Commonly called the throat.
* Originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus.
* Common pathway for both air and food.
* Walls are lined by a mucosa and contain skeletal muscles that are primarily used for swallowing.
* Flexible lateral walls are distensible in order to force swallowed food into the esophagus.
* Partitioned into three adjoining regions:

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
* Superior-most region of the pharynx. Covered with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
* Located directly posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate, which separates the oral cavity.
* Normally, only air passes through.
* Material from the oral cavity and oropharynx is typically blocked from entering the nasopharynx by the uvula of soft palate, which elevates when we swallow.
* In the lateral walls of the nasopharynx, paired auditory/eustachian tubes connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear.
* Posterior nasopharynx wall also houses a single pharyngeal tonsil (commonly called the adenoids).


Oropharynx
* The middle pharyngeal region.
* Immediately posterior to the oral cavity.
* Bounded by the edge of the soft palate superiorly and the hyoid bone inferiorly.
* Common respiratory and digestive pathway through which both air and swallowed food and drink pass.
* Contains nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelim.
* Lymphatic organs here provide the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign materials. Palatine tonsils are on the lateral wall between the arches, and the lingual tonsils are at the base of the tongue.

Laryngopharynx
* Inferior, narrowed region of the pharynx.
* Extends inferiorly from the hyoid bone to the larynx and esophagus.
* Terminates at the superior border of the esophagus and the epiglottis of the larynx.
* Lined with a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
* Permits passage of both food and air.

Lower Respiratory Tract
* Conducting airways (trachea, bronchi, up to terminal bronchioles).
* Respiratory portion of the respiratory system (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli).
Larynx
* Voice box is a short, somewhat cylindrical airway ends in the trachea.
* Prevents swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract.
* Conducts air into the lower respiratory tract.
* Produces sounds.
* Supported by a framework of nine pieces of cartilage (three individual pieces and three cartilage pairs) that are held in place by ligaments and muscles.
* Nine c-rings of cartilage form the framework of the larynx
* thyroid cartilage – (1) Adam’s apple, hyaline, anterior attachment of vocal folds, testosterone increases size after puberty
* cricoid cartilage – (1) ring-shaped, hyaline
* arytenoid cartilages – (2) hyaline, posterior attachment of vocal folds, hyaline
* cuneiform cartilages - (2) hyaline
* corniculate cartlages - (2) hyaline

epiglottis – (1) elastic cartilage
* Muscular walls aid in voice production and the swallowing reflex
* Glottis – the superior opening of the larynx
* Epiglottis – prevents food and drink from entering airway when swallowing
* pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Sound Production
* Inferior ligaments are called the vocal folds.
- are true vocal cords because they produce sound when air passes between them
* Superior ligaments are called the vestibular folds.
- are false vocal cords because they have no function in sound production, but protect the vocal folds.

* The tension, length, and position of the vocal folds determine the quality of the sound.

Sound production
* Intermittent release of exhaled air through the vocal folds
* Loudness – depends on the force with which air is exhaled through the cords
* Pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses act as resonating chambers that add quality to the sound
* Muscles of the face, tongue, and lips help with enunciation of words

Conducting zone of lower respiratory tract
Trachea
* A flexible tube also called windpipe.
* Extends through the mediastinum and lies anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the larynx.
* Anterior and lateral walls of the trachea supported by 15 to 20 C-shaped tracheal cartilages.
* Cartilage rings reinforce and provide rigidity to the tracheal wall to ensure that the trachea remains open at all times
* Posterior part of tube lined by trachealis muscle
* Lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Trachea
* At the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into two smaller tubes, called the right and left primary bronchi.
* Each primary bronchus projects laterally toward each lung.
* The most inferior tracheal cartilage separates the primary bronchi at their origin and forms an internal ridge called the carina.
Bronchial tree
* A highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi.
* Progressively branch into narrower tubes as they diverge throughout the lungs before terminating in terminal bronchioles.
* Incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage support the walls of the primary bronchi to ensure that they remain open.
* Right primary bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented than the left primary bronchus.
* Foreign particles are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus.
* The primary bronchi enter the hilus of each lung together with the pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
* Each primary bronchus branches into several secondary bronchi (or lobar bronchi).
* The left lung has two secondary bronchi.The right lung has three secondary bronchi.
* They further divide into tertiary bronchi.
* Each tertiary bronchus is called a segmental bronchus because it supplies a part of the lung called a bronchopulmonary segment.
* Secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles
* with successive branching amount of cartilage decreases and amount of smooth muscle increases, this allows for variation in airway diameter
* during exertion and when sympathetic division active bronchodilation
* mediators of allergic reactions like histamine bronchoconstriction
* epithelium gradually changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium to simple cuboidal epithelium in terminal bronchioles

Respiratory Zone of Lower Respiratory Tract
Conduction vs. Respiratory zones
* Most of the tubing in the lungs makes up conduction zone
o Consists of nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles
* The respiratory zone is where gas is exchanged
o Consists of alveoli, alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles

Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, and Alveoli
* Lungs contain small saccular outpocketings called alveoli.
* They have a thin wall specialized to promote diffusion of gases between the alveolus and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
* Gas exchange can take place in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts as well as in the alveoli, each lung contains approximately 300 to 400 million alveoli.
* The spongy nature of the lung is due to the packing of millions of alveoli together.

Respiratory Membrane
* squamous cells of alveoli .
* basement membrane of alveoli.
* basement membrane of capillaries
* simple squamous cells of capillaries
* about .5 μ in thickness

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
* Each lung has a conical shape. Its wide, concave base rests upon the muscular diaphragm.
* Its superior region called the apex projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior and posterior to the clavicle.
* Both lungs are bordered by the thoracic wall anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly, and supported by the rib cage.
* Toward the midline, the lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum.
* The relatively broad, rounded surface in contact with the thoracic wall is called the costal surface of the lung.

Left lung
* divided into 2 lobes by oblique fissure
* smaller than the right lung
* cardiac notch accommodates the heart
Right
* divided into 3 lobes by oblique and horizontal fissure
* located more superiorly in the body due to liver on right side

Pleura and Pleural Cavities
* The outer surface of each lung and the adjacent internal thoracic wall are lined by a serous membrane called pleura.
* The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by the visceral pleura.
* while the internal thoracic walls, the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm are lined by the parietal pleura.
* The parietal and visceral pleural layers are continuous at the hilus of each lung.

Pleural Cavities
The potential space between the serous membrane layers is a pleural cavity.

* The pleural membranes produce a thin, serous pleural fluid that circulates in the pleural cavity and acts as a lubricant, ensuring minimal friction during breathing.
* Pleural effusion – pleuritis with too much fluid
Blood supply of Lungs
* pulmonary circulation -
* bronchial circulation – bronchial arteries supply oxygenated blood to lungs, bronchial veins carry away deoxygenated blood from lung tissue  superior vena cava
* Response of two systems to hypoxia – pulmonary vessels undergo vasoconstriction bronchial vessels like all other systemic vessels undergo vasodilation

Respiratory events
* Pulmonary ventilation = exchange of gases between lungs and atmosphere
* External respiration = exchange of gases between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
* Internal respiration = exchange of gases between systemic capillaries and tissue cells

Two phases of pulmonary ventilation
* Inspiration, or inhalation - a very active process that requires input of energy.The diaphragm, contracts, moving downward and flattening, when stimulated by phrenic nerves.
* Expiration, or exhalation - a passive process that takes advantage of the recoil properties of elastic fiber. ・The diaphragm relaxes.The elasticity of the lungs and the thoracic cage allows them to return to their normal size and shape.

Muscles that ASSIST with respiration
* The scalenes help increase thoracic cavity dimensions by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation.
* The ribs elevate upon contraction of the external intercostals, thereby increasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity during inhalation.
* Contraction of the internal intercostals depresses the ribs, but this only occurs during forced exhalation.
* Normal exhalation requires no active muscular effort.

Muscles that ASSIST with respiration
* Other accessory muscles assist with respiratory activities.
* The pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, and sternocleidomastoid help with forced inhalation,
* while the abdominal muscles(external and internal obliques, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis) assist in active exhalation.

Boyle’s Law
* The pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container increases, and vice versa.
* When the volume of the thoracic cavity increases even slightly during inhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure decreases slightly, and air flows into the lungs through the conducting airways. Air flows into the lungs from a region of higher pressure (the atmosphere)into a region of lower pressure (the intrapulmonary region).
* When the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases during exhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure increases and forces air out of the lungs into the atmosphere.

Ventilation Control by Respiratory Centers of the Brain
* The trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs are innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
* The autonomic nerve fibers that innervate the heart also send branches to the respiratory structures.
* The involuntary, rhythmic activities that deliver and remove respiratory gases are regulated in the brainstem within the reticular formation through both the medulla oblongata and pons.

Respiratory Values
* A normal adult averages 12 breathes per minute = respiratory rate(RR)
* Respiratory volumes – determined by using a spirometer

LUNG VOLUMES
* TIDAL VOLUME (TV): Volume inspired or expired with each normalハbreath. = 500 ml
* INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV): Maximum volume that can be inspired over the inspiration of a tidal volume/normal breath. Used during exercise/exertion.=3100 ml
* EXPIRATRY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV): Maximal volume that can be expired after the expiration of a tidal volume/normal breath. = 1200 ml
* RESIDUAL VOLUME (RV): Volume that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration.ハ CANNOT be measured by spirometry.= 1200 ml

LUNG CAPACITIES
* INSPIRATORY CAPACITY ( IC): Volume of maximal inspiration:IRV + TV = 3600 ml
* FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY (FRC): Volume of gas remaining in lung after normal expiration, cannot be measured by spirometry because it includes residual volume:ERV + RV = 2400 ml
* VITAL CAPACITY (VC): Volume of maximal inspiration and expiration:IRV + TV + ERV = IC + ERV = 4800 ml
* TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY (TLC): The volume of the lung after maximal inspiration.ハ The sum of all four lung volumes, cannot be measured by spirometry because it includes residual volume:IRV+ TV + ERV + RV = IC + FRC = 6000 ml

Anatomy of Respiratory System.ppt

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15 June 2009

Male Sexual Anatomy & Physiology



Male Sexual Anatomy & Physiology

The Penis
* Nerves, blood vessels, fibrous tissue, and three parallel cylinders of spongy tissue.
* There is no bone and little muscular tissue (although there are muscles at the base of the penis)
* Terms:
* Penis: consists of internal root, external shaft, & glans.
* Root: the portion of the penis that extends internally into the pelvic cavity.
* Shaft: the length of the penis between the glans and the body.
* Glans: the head of the penis; has many nerve endings.
* Cavernous bodies: the structures in the shaft of the penis that engorge with blood during sexual arousal.
* Spongy body: a cylinder that forms a bulb at the base of the penis, extends up into the penile shaft, and forms the penile glans. Also engorge with blood during arousal.
* Foreskin: a covering of skin over the penile glans.

Fig 5.1a Interior structure of the penis:
External penile structures
Scrotum and testes
* Scrotum (or scrotal sac):
* Testis
o Male gonad inside scrotum that produces sperm and sex hormones
* Spermatic cord
o A cord attached to the testis inside the scrotum that contains the vas deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and muscle fibers
Structures inside the testis
Cross-section of seminiferous tubule
Interstitial cells: secrete androgens
Spermatogenic cells: produce sperm
Immature sperm
Vas deferens
Overview: male sexual anatomy
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Cowper’s glands
Semen
Analagous structures in male and female sexual anatomy
Male
Glans
Foreskin
Shaft
Scrotal sac
Testes
Female
Clitoris
Clitoral hood
Labia minora
Labia majora
Ovaries
Group activity: male A & P flashcards
One side: name of term
Other side: definition, function, location
Group activity:
Male reproductive anatomy & physiology
Male sexual function: Erection
How blood inflow helps maintain erection
Ejaculation
Emission phase of ejaculation (phase 1)
Penis size
Penile Augmentation (phalloplasty)
Circumcision
Circumcision: medical perspective
Circumcision and sexual functioning
Discussion question:
Penile cancer
Testicular cancer
Prostate Health Care Issues
Prostate Cancer
Prostate Cancer: Symptoms & diagnosis

Male Sexual Anatomy & Physiology.ppt

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14 May 2009

Nervous System videos



Nervous System
Medical Gross Anatomy Dissection Videos from University of Michigan Medical School

Anterior Triangle of the Neck
Posterior Triangle of the Neck
Larynx & Pharynx
Scalp, Cranial Cavity, Meninges & Brain
Parotid Gland & Face
Infratemporal Fossa & Oral Cavity
Eye
Ear & Nasal Cavity

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Reproductive & Endocrine Systems videos



Reproductive and Endocrine Systems
Medical Gross Anatomy Dissection Videos from University of Michigan Medical School

Pelvis & Pelvic Viscera
Pelvic Neurovasculature
Perineum & External Genitalia

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Gastrointestinal System videos



Gastrointestinal System
Medical Gross Anatomy Dissection Videos from University of Michigan Medical School

Abdominal Wall
Inguinal Region
Peritoneal Cavity & Intestines
Stomach & Spleen
Duodenum, Pancreas, Liver, & Gallbladder
Kidneys & Retroperitoneum

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Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems videos



Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems
Medical Gross Anatomy Dissection Videos from University of Michigan Medical School

Thoracic Wall, Pleura, & Pericardium
Heart
Superior Mediastinum & Lungs
Posterior Mediastinum

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Musculoskeletal System Videos



Musculoskeletal System
Medical Gross Anatomy Dissection Videos from University of Michigan Medical School

Superficial Back
Deep Back & Spinal Cord
Pectoral Region & Breast
Superficial Structures of the Limbs
Axilla, Posterior Shoulder, & Arm
Forearm & Wrist
Hand
Anterior & Medial Thigh
Hip, Posterior Thigh, & Posterior Leg
Anterior Leg & Foot
Joints of the Upper & Lower Limbs

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13 May 2009

Lumbar Puncture Video



Lumbar Puncture Video from Wake Forest University Schools of Medicine.
Download / view the following full-length video or individual chapters from the links below


To Download: Rt. Click Icon then Save Target as..
To View: Left Click

Indications & Contraindications 1:22
Risks & Complications 2:19
Equipment & Supplies 1:38
Review of Anatomy 2:09

Positioning the Patient 2:20

Finding the Target (injection) Point 1:58
Numbing the Target Area 1:10
Inserting the LP Needle 1:26
Collecting CSF Samples & Finishing Procedure 1:45
Administering Intrathecal Chemotherapy 0:36
Dealing with Problems 2:56
Proper Handling of CSF Samples 1:12
Interpreting Results 2:54
Summary & Review 0:41
Credits 0:40

Full version - Lumbar Puncture: Step by Step 25:05

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12 May 2009

Eyelid Anatomy - Entropion / Ectropion



Eyelid Anatomy - Entropion / Ectropion
Elizabeth J. Rosen, MD
Karen H. Calhoun, MD

Entropion is a medical condition in which the eyelids fold inward. Ectropion is a medical condition in which the lower eyelid turns outwards

Eyelid Anatomy
* Tarsal plates
o Length 25mm
o Thickness 1mm
o Height
+ Upper 10mm
+ Lower 4mm
* Orbicularis Oculi
o Orbital
o Palpebral
+ Preseptal
+ Pretarsal
* Medial canthal tendon
o Anterior reflection
o Posterior reflection
o Vertical fascial support
* Lateral canthal tendon
* Lateral retinaculum
* Orbital septum
o Origin
+ Arcus marginalis
o Insertion
+ Medial: posterior lacrimal crest
+ Lateral: orbital tubercle
+ Superior: levator aponeurosis
+ Inferior: inferior tarsal border
* Upper lid levators
o Levator palpebrae superioris
o Whitnall’s ligament
o Muller’s muscle
* Lower lid retractors
o Capsulopalpebral fascia
o Lockwood’s ligament
o Inferior palpebral muscle
* Lacrimal apparatus
o Gland
o Punctum
o Canaliculus
o Sac
o Duct

Entropion
* Congenital
* Involutional (senile)
* Cicatricial
* Congenital Entropion
* Epiblepharon
* Correction of congenital entropion or epiblepharon
* Correction of involutional entropion
* Correction of cicatricial entropion
* Correction of cicatricial entropion
Ectropion
* Congenital
* Paralytic
* Cicatricial
* Involutional

Ectropion
* Paralytic ectropion
* Correction of paralytic ectropion
* Correction of cicatricial ectropion
* Correction of involutional ectropion

Entropion / Ectropion.ppt

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08 May 2009

Human Anatomy and Physiology ppt lectures



Human Anatomy and Physiology
Presentation lectures by:R. Adam Franssen, PhD
Roane State Community College

• Muscle Tissue Lectures week 1
• Muscle Tissue Lectures weeks 2 and 3
• Blood Lectures weeks 4 and 5
• Heart Lectures weeks 5 and 6
• Blood Vessels week 7
• Lymphatic System weeks 9 and 10
• Respiratory System weeks 11 and 12
• Digestive System weeks 12 and 13
• Urinary System week 14

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02 May 2009

Anatomy video presentations



Anatomy video presentations
from University of Wisconsin

10/02/2008 Coming
Soon

Coming
Soon
11/30/2007 Picture from Anatomy Dissection 01 - Superficial Thorax & Abdomen video

Picture from Anatomy Dissection 02 - Abdominal Wall, Back Muscles & Spinal Cord video

Picture from Anatomy Dissection 03 - Thorax video

Picture from Anatomy Dissection 04 - Posterior Thorax video

Picture from Anatomy Dissection 05 - Peritoneal Cavity video

Picture from Anatomy Dissection 07 - Posterior Abdominal Wall video

Picture from Anatomy Dissection 08 - Split Pelvis video

Picture from Anatomy Dissection 09 - Perineum video

Picture from Anatomy Dissection 10 - The Axilla video

Picture from Anatomy Dissection 11 - Shoulder and Arm video

Picture from Anatomy Dissection 12 - Forearm and Hand video

Picture from Superficial Face video

Picture from Infratemporal Fossa video

Picture from Superficial Neck video

Picture from Deep Neck video

Picture from Cranial Cavity video

Picture from Orbit video

Picture from Ear video

Picture from Mouth and Pharynx video

Picture from Nasal Cavity and Larynx video

Picture from Anatomy Dissection 24 - Upper Limb Joints video

Picture from Anatomy Dissection 06 - Blood Supply video

Picture from Hip and Thigh video

Picture from Leg and Foot video
04/09/2007 Picture from Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about Sexual Health video
M. Wilhite
View description

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Functional Neuroanatomy



Functional Neuroanatomy

Histology
Neurons and Glial Cells
Brain Cell Structure and Categorization
Synapse Function
Axonal Transport
Information Flow
Glial Types and Functions

Histological Techniques
* Golgi Stain
* Nissl Stain
* Immunocytochemistry
* Track-tracing (horseradish peroxidase)

Neurons and Glials

* Brain Cells – 2 types
* Characterization
o Shape
o Size
o Function
* Organization

Neuron Components

* Dendrites
* Soma
* Axon Hillock
* Axon
* Terminal Button(s) (Bouton)

Neuron Characterization

* Shape
* Size
* Function

* Monopolar
* Bipolar
* Mutipolar

Neuron Size
Neuron Function
* Sensory
* Motor
* Interneuron
Basis of the Synapse

* Pre-synaptic Zone
* Post-synaptic zone
* Synaptic Cleft
* Synaptic Vesicles
* Dendritic Spines (size & number can be altered)
* Receptors
Axonal Transport
* Afferents (toward area) / efferents (away from area)
* Saltatory Transport (along microtubules, neurofilaments & microfilaments)
* Anterograde
* Retrograde

Glial Function
Glial Types
myelin-producing

Functional Neuroanatomy.ppt

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30 April 2009

Sexual Anatomy & Physiology



Sexual Anatomy & Physiology
Presentation by: Dr. Penny Frohlich
University of Texas at Austin

Female External Genitalia

Vulva: everything that is externally visible (mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethral orifice, vaginal vestibule, perineal body)
mons pubis: mound of fatty tissue above the pubic bone
labia majora: large, outer fatty folds of skin tissue
labia minora: inner folds of skin and erectile tissue
clitoris: small, highly sensitive organ
glans: tip of the clitoris
prepuce (clitoral hood): loose-fitting fold of skin covering the clitoral glans
vaginal vestibule: the cleft containing the vaginal and urethral openings
Skene’s glands: group of small mucous glands that open into vaginal vestibule (near urethra)
Bartholin’s glands: two glands that open into vaginal vestibule (on either side of the vaginal opening) - thought to provide some lubrication, may emit a pheromone
hymen: thin mucous membrane partially covering the vaginal opening
perineum: tissue between the genital and anus.

Normal Variations

Female Internal Genitalia
Vagina: tubular organ connecting external genitals with uterus
Grafenberg spot (g-spot):

o mass of erectile and glandular tissue surrounding the urethra just below the bladder
o some women report that simulation to g-spot produces sexual arousal and orgasm

uterus: hollow muscular organ - purpose to nurture developing fetus

cervix: small lower portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina
cervical os: small opening in the cervix allowing passage of fluids between the uterus and vagina
myometrium: layers of smooth muscle comprising the uterus
endometrium: inner lining of the uterus that builds a rich blood supply and sloughs off the lining each month (if conception does not occur)

ovaries: female gonads - containing the immature female reproductive cells
ovum: female reproduce cell
fallopian tubes: thin flexible muscular structures connecting the ovaries with the uterus - passageway for the ovum to travel to the uterus
cilia: tiny hairlike projections that line the fallopian tubes and propel the ovum towards the uterus
fimbriae: fringelike projections that reach out to the ovary to draw a released ovum into the fallopian tube.

Sexual Response
Arteries & Veins
Female Internal Genitalia: Muscles

* Pelvic floor muscles
o Ischiocavernosus: acts to drive blood into the body of the clitoris
o bulbocavernosus: helps to maintain the structure of the pelvic tissue and serves as a vaginal sphincter

Female Internal Genitalia: Nerves
* Sexual arousal: stimulation to tactile and temperature receptors on the genitalia, breasts, etc.
* Orgasm: genital reflex governed by the spinal cord

Male External Genitalia

penis: male copulatory organ
frenulum: underside of the penis, between shaft and glans
glans: enlarged conic structure at the tip of the penis
corona: raised rim or ridge of tissue that separates the glans from the shaft
prepuce (forskin): loose-fitting retractable casing of skin that forms over the glans
smegma: accumulation of secretions on the penile glans from glands of foreskin
circumcision: surgical procedure involving removal of the prepuce
scrotum: skin-covered pouch containing the testes

corpora cavernosa: two large and uppermost cylindrical masses of penile tissue
corpus spongiosum: lower, smaller cyhlindrical mass of tissue in the penis, contains the urethra
crura: tapering part of the corpora cavernosa - forms the connection to the pubic bone
Testes: oval, glandular organs contained in the scrotum - produce sperm, secrete male hormones
spermatic cord: suspends the testes - contains arteries, nerves, veins, vas deferens
seminiferous tubules: tightly packed, convoluted structures in testicles, produce sperm
interstitial cells (Leydig’s cells): located between seminiferous tubules, produce androgens
epididymis: tightly coiled tube lying along the top of each testis - stores spermatozoa
vas deferens: structure that transports spermatozoa from testes to urethra
ejaculatory ducts: short tubes that pass through prostate to urethra - passageway for semen and fluid from seminal vesicles
urethra: tube for transporting urine and semen
seminal vesicles: secretory glands
prostate gland: secretes thin, milky, slightly alkaline fluid, rich in nutrients - into the seminal fluid - these secretions protect spermatozoa from acidic environment (male urethra, vagina)

cowper’s gland: contribute alkaline fluid to semen
Cross-section of the Penis
corpora cavernosa (upper left)
corpus spongiosum (lower right)
sperm: male reproductive cell

spermatogenesis: process of sperm production
spermatozoon: single sperm
spermatozoa: sperm, plural
acrosomal cap: covering of the head of the spermatozoon - contains enzymes that penetrate the outer cover of the ovum

semen: contains:

spermatozoa: sperm, plural
seminal fluid: contains secretions from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Cowper’s gland, and epididymis

Arteries & Veins
Male Internal Genitalia: Muscles
Male Internal Genitalia: Nerves
Sexual Response Cycle

* Masters and Johnson Four-Stage Model
o excitement
o plateau
o orgasm
o refractory period

Sexual Response Cycle: Excitement

* For both males and females excitement leads to an increase in pulse, heart rate, blood pressure and muscle tension. Similarly both sexes experience increase blood flow to the genitals and nipples.
* In females, the vagina becomes naturally lubricated, lengthens and widens, whilst the labia swell.
* In males, erection of the penis is the most obvious sign of excitment.

Sexual Response Cycle: Plateau

* Further increases in circulation and heart rate occur in both sexes, sexual pleasure increases with increased stimulation, muscle tension increases further.
* At this stage females show a number of effects. The areolae and labia further increase in size, the clitoris withdraws slightly and the Bartholin's glands produce further lubrication.
* Males may start to secrete seminal fluid and the testes rise closer to the body.
* Orgasm is the conclusion of the plateau phase in a release of sexual tension. Both males and females experience quick cycles of muscle contraction of the anus and lower pelvic muscles, with women also experiencing uterine and vaginal contractions.
* Males ejaculate approximately 5-10ml of semen.

Sexual Response Cycle: Resolution

* The resolution stage occurs after orgasm and allows the muscles to relax, blood pressure to drop and the body to slow down from its excited state.
* Generally males experience a refractory period, meaning orgasm cannot be achieved again until time has passed. The penis meanwhile returns to a flaccid state. Females may not experience this refractory period and further stimulation may cause a return to the plateau stage. Otherwise, significant changes may also occur, such as the opening of the cervix and the reduction of blood flow to the genitals and nipples.

Sexual Response Cycle

* Kaplan three-stage model (1974)
o sexual desire
o sexual excitement
o orgasm

Sexual Desire

* Sexual appetite or drive
o sexual fantasies
o masturbation
o seek out, or be receptive to (Basson) sexual activity


Sexual Anatomy & Physiology.ppt

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29 April 2009

Upper Cervical Spine Fractures



Upper Cervical Spine Fractures
Presentation lecture by:Daniel Gelb, MD

Upper Cervical Spine Fractures

* Epidemiology
* Anatomy
* Radiology
* Common Injuries
* Management Issues

Upper Cervical Spine Fractures
* Epidemiology
o Cause
+ MVC 42%
+ Fall 20%
+ GSW 16%
o Gender
+ Male 81%
+ Female 19%

Etiology of Spinal Cord Injury by Age
Upper Cervical Spine Fractures
Upper Cervical Anatomy
C1 - Atlas
Anatomy – The Atlas
C2 Anatomy
Anatomy – The Axis
Anatomy – The Ligaments
AtlantoAxial Anatomy
Tectorial Membrane
AtlantoAxial Anatomy
occiput
Tranverse Ligament
C1-C2 joint
Alar Ligament
AtlantoAxial Anatomy
Transverse
Ligament
Facet for Occipital Condyle


AtlantoAxial Anatomy
Vertebral
Artery
Radiographic Evaluation
Plain Radiographic Evaluation
Lateral View
Open Mouth AP
Radiographic Diagnosis – Screening Lines
Powers’s Ratio
Harris’s lines
Radiographic Lines
Powers’ Ratio
Radiographic Diagnosis
CT Scan
MRI
Upper Cervical Spine Fractures
Occipital Condyle Fracture
OccipitoAtlantal Dissociation (OAD)
Commonly Fatal
OccipitoAtlantal Dissociation (OAD)
Occipital Cervical Dissociation
Transverse ligament avulsion
Atlas Fractures - Treatment
Fusion options
Gallie
Brooks Jenkins
Transarticular Screws
C1 lateral mass/C2 pars-pedicle screws
Atlas Fractures - Treatment
Odontoid Fractures
Etiology Bimodal distribution
Odontoid Fractures
Treatment Options
odontoid fractures
Type 1
Type 3
Type 2
Type II Fracture Nonunion Risk Factors
Anterior Odontoid Screw Fixation
Indications
Contraindications
Posterior Odontoid Fixation
C1 lateral mass screws
Traumatic Spondylolisthesis Axis
Hangman’s Fracture
Hangman’s Fracture Treatment
Halo Immobilization
Elderly and Halo-vest Treatment

Upper Cervical Spine Fractures.ppt

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The Skeletal System



The Skeletal System
The Axial Skeleton presentation lecture from:NORTHLAND COMMUNITY & TECHNICAL COLLEGE

* Axial Skeleton
o 80 bones
o lie along longitudinal axis
o skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ear ossicles
* Appendicular Skeleton
o 126 bones
o upper & lower limbs and pelvic & pectoral girdles

Types of Bones

* 5 basic types of bones:
o long = compact
o short = spongy except surface
o flat = plates of compact enclosing spongy
o irregular = variable
o sesamoid = develop in tendons or ligaments (patella)
* Sutural bones = in joint between skull bones

Bone Surface Markings

* Surface features-- rough area, groove, openings, process
* Specific functions
o passageway for blood vessels and nerves
o joint formation
o muscle attachment & contraction
* Foramen = opening
* Fossa = shallow depression
* Sulcus = groove
* Meatus = tubelike passageway or canal
* Condyle = large, round protuberance
* Facet = smooth flat articular surface
* Trochanter = very large projection
* Tuberosity = large, rounded, roughened projection
* Learning the terms found in this Table will simplify your study of the skeleton.

The Skull

* 8 Cranial bones
o protect brain & house ear ossicles
o muscle attachment for jaw, neck & facial muscles
* 14 Facial bones
o protect delicate sense organs -- smell, taste, vision
o support entrances to digestive and respiratory systems

The 8 Cranial Bones


Frontal Bone
Parietal & Temporal Bones
Temporal and Occipital bones
Sphenoid bone
Sphenoid in Anterior View
Sphenoid from Superior View
Ethmoid Bone
Facial Bones
Maxillary bones
Zygomatic Bones
Lacrimal and Inferior Nasal Conchae
Inferior Nasal Conchae
Palatine & Vomer
Mandible
Sutures
Paranasal Sinuses
Fontanels of the Skull at Birth.
Bones of the Orbit
Nasal Septum
Hyoid Bone
Vertebral Column
Intervertebral Discs
Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column
Typical Vertebrae
Intervertebral Foramen & Spinal Canal
Typical Cervical Vertebrae (C3-C7)
Atlas & Axis (C1-C2)
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
Lumbar Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Thorax
Sternum
Ribs
Fracture at site of greatest curvature.
Rib Articulation
Herniated (Slipped) Disc
Clinical Problems

The Skeletal System.ppt

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Disorders of the Cervical Spine



Disorders of the Cervical Spine
Presentation by: Su-Chun Cheng

Introduction

* Two principal functions: support and conduit
* The motion segment: two vertebrae and five articulations- disc, two uncovertebral joints, and two facet joints
* The three sections: OC1-2, C3-5, and C5-T1

The Typical Cervical Vertebrae (C3-6)

* Small oval bodies, large vertebral canal, long laminae, a bifid spine and a broad transverse process with a foramen transversarium
* The vertebral arches arise from the posterolateral aspect of the bodies, giving rise to the pedicles.
* The laminae arise from the pedicles and arch backward to meet in the midline, forming the bifid spinous processes.
* The intervertebral foramen for nerve root
* The foramen transversarium for vertebral artery except C7
* The spinal canal for spinal cord.
* Posterior arch- pedicles, articular process, laminae and spinous process

The Uncinate Process

* The uncovertebral joints of Luschka
* Form at about 10 year of age and better developed in C2/3, C3/4, and C4/5.
* Act as barriers to the extrusion of disc posterolaterally.
* The uncinate processes protect the cervical nerve roots from passing over the inter-vertebral discs.
* Cervical discs cannot protrude into the intervertebral foramina - only posteriorly and into the cord.

Zygapophyseal Joints

* The highest is located at the C2/3 level, and the lowest is at the C7-T1 level.
* The superior facets face upward/backward with the inferior facets facing downward/forward at an angle of 45°.
* Complex movement: rotation and sidebending to the same side.
* The joint capsules are lax and permitting great mobility.
* The relationships between the facet and root complex: the root in front of and below the facets.
* Joint capsules are richly innervated with propri-oceptive and pain receptors
* The joints are lined with synovial membrane and covered with hyaline cartilage. The fibro-cartilaginous meniscus exists in the facet capsules.

The Intervertebral Disc: Nucleus Pulposus

* A disc consists of four parts: a nucleus pulposus, an anulus fibrosus, and two cartilaginous end-plate.
* The end-plate provide a pathway for nutrition
* The nucleus has the remarkable property of absorbing and retaining water against physical and osmotic pressure.
* The nucleus pulposus is fibrocartilaginous and is made up of crisscrossing concentric lamellae between adjacent vertebrae.
* The annulus is reinforced in front and behind by fibers from the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments. Laterally, it blends with the periosteum.
* The nucleus is a water-rich mixture of proteoglycan gel and a lattice of collagen fibers.
* The nucleus distributes forces equally in all directions, with converting longitudinal to horizontal forces, and transmits them to the circumferential annuli.
* The resilient annulus and the cartilage plate, capping the upper and lower surfaces of the vertebrae, absorb shock energy.

Nerve Roots

* The posterior root/anterior root emerge from the dorsolateral/ ventrolateral aspect of the cord.
* The roots are invested in pia mater. The posterior and anterior roots separately penetrate the dura and have pial and dural sleeves.
* The dural sleeves are attached to the bony margin of the intervertebral foramen; this adherence becomes much firmer with advanced age and in clinical osteoarthritis.

* In extension of Cs: the root sleeves are slack and folded transversely, and are separated from the lower border of the pedicle.
* In flexion: the root sleeves are straightened and are in contact with the inferior and medial margins of the pedicles.
* In lateral flexion: the root sleeves are slack on the concave side and stretched on the convex side.
* The root ganglia may lie inside or outside the intervertebral foramen.
* Beyond the ganglion, the two roots merge to form the composite spinal nerve with its anterior and posterior primary rami.
* The upper four rami unite to form the cervical plexus; the lower four rami and T1 form the brachial plexus.

The Vertebral Artery

* The verterbal artery is the first branch of the sub-clavian trunk, proceeding to the transverse foramina of C6 to C2
* It lies directly in front of the cervical nerves, medial to the intertransverse muscles.
* It travels to the transverse foramen of the atlas, ne-cessitating a sharp turn around the posterolateral aspect of the superior facet.
* It then runs upward through the foramen magnum into the cranial cavity of pons, where it joins the opposite vertebral artery to form the basilar artery.
* The vertebrobasilar system also supplies the inner ear, the cerebellum, most of the pons and brain stem, and the posterior portion of the cerebral hemispheres, especially the visual cortex.

Vertebrobasilar Artery Insufficiency (VBI)

* After 30º of rotation, kinking of the contra-lateral vertebral artery occurs.
* At 45 º of neck rotation, the ipsilateral artery also begins to kink.
* Typical neurological symptoms include dizziness, visual disturbances and nausea.
* Occlusion of the vertebral artery may occur either at the suboccipital region or at the C6 level.

Mobility of the Cervical Spine- Flexion

* The upper vertebral body slightly forward displaces on the lower one; the laminae and spinous processes are open like a fan.
* The anterior disc is compressed and narrowed; and the dorsal portions is widened and stretched.
* The anterior longitudinal ligament is slack, whereas the posterior longitudinal ligament is stretched.
* The nucleus is dorsally displaced.
* The paired inferior articular facets of the vertebra glide forward on the superior facets of the vertebrae below
* The ligamenta flava and interspinous ligaments are stretched
* The posterior neck muscles are under tension
* The capsules of the zygapophyseal joints are stretched.

Mobility of the Cervical Spine- Extension

* Extension of the neck reverses these events of flexion in the tissues.
* Tension is on the anterior longitundial ligaments with the approximation of the spinous process.
* The lower articular facet glide downward and back- ward on the superior facets.
* The size of the intervertebral foramina increases in flexion and decreases in extension by about one third
* The overall extension is greater than the flexion range.
* The greatest movement occurs at the C5/6 and the least at the C2/3 and C7-T1.

Mobility of the Cervical Spine- Rotation

* In lateral flexion or rotation, the ipsilateral foramen decreases in size, and the contralateral foramen increases in size.
* Approximately 50% of the rotation of the cervical spine occurs at the atlantoaxial articulation, and the remainder occurs in the joints below.
* The dens is tightly bound to the occiput by the apical and the alar ligaments, with the atlantoaxial facet joints limits rotation to 45°
* The wall of the spinal canal narrows the canal at the axis level by about one third.
* The diameter of the canal of C1 is equally occupied by the odontoid process, free space, and the cord.
* With lateral flexion of the head, the spinous processes of the axis and the vertebrae below rotate to the opposite side.
* The vertebral artery is under tension by the rotary action.

Mobility of the Cervical Spine- Lateral flexion

* Lateral flexion occurs with the atlas shifting to the side of the flexion.
* Lateral flexion produces associated rotation of the axis. The spinous processes of the axis and the vertebrae below rotate to the opposite side.
* On X-ray film: narrowing of the space between the dens and the lateral mass of the atlas on the side of flexion and a widening on the other side.

The Upper Cervical Spine

* The upper cervical spine includes OC1 and C1/2 (and sometimes C2/3)
* The atlas has two arches and two lateral masses.
* The axis forms a pivot (dens) for the atlas to rotate on.
* AROM of the OC1: FL-EXT (about 16 ° to 20°), SB (about 5 °), and axial ROT (about 8 °).
* AROM of the C1/2: FL-EXT (about 10 °), SB (about 3 °) and axial ROT (about 40 °)
* Selective motion can occur between the OC1 and between the C1/2 without motion below the axis.

Biomechanics of The Upper Cervical Spine
Atlanto-Occipital joint

* The atlas has no body. It is a solid ring of bone with two pillars. It has no intervertebral foramen.
* The attachment of the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane arches over the artery at the posterior arch of the atlas.

Biomechanics of The Upper Cervical Spine
Atlanto-Occipital joint

* Occipital condyles are in convex surfaces and the superior facets of the atlas are in concave surfaces.
- In flexion, the occipital condyles roll forward and glide backwards. The alar ligament check the flexion of OC1
- In extension, the occipital condyles roll backwards and glide forwards.


Biomechanics of The Upper C/s
Atlanto-Axial joint

* The most obvious characteristic of the axis is the dens.
* The anterior surface of the dens has a facet that articulate with the posterior surface of the anterior arch of the atlas.
* The posterior surface of the dens also has a facet to the transverse ligament with a bursa in between

Biomechanics of The Upper C/s
Atlanto-Axial joint

* On either side of the dens are the inferior facets of the atlantoaxial joints.
* The axis has no intervertebral foramen.
* The spinal canal at this level can be divided into three parts: anterior 1/3 is occupied by the dens and the anterior arch of the atlas; the middle 1/3 is occupied by the cord; the posterior 1/3 is occupied by the sub-arachnoid space.

Atlanto-Axial joint

* Major axial rotation occurs in C1-2 (47degrees). C1-2 rotation is primarily checked by the alar ligaments.
* The convex inferior facets of the atlas and the convex superior facets of the axis.
* Flexion occurs with an anterior roll and a posterior slide of the atlas on the axis; the converse movement occurs in extension. It is restrictedly by the tectorial membranes as it tightens with superior movement.

Ligaments of The Upper Cervical Spine

* Transverse ligament: holds the dens tightly to the anterior arch of the atlas to prevent subluxation.
* Alar ligaments: (occipital portion) run on either side from the tip of the dens to the margins of the foramen magnum; (atlantal portion) run on either side from the tip of the dens to the posterior arches of the atlas.
* Tectorial membrane is a fan-shaped continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament.
* Anterior longitudinal ligament: is tightly adherent to the front of the vertebral bodies and loosely blends with each annulus.
* Posterior longitudinal ligament: is firmly bound to each disc but only loosely bound to the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies.
* Ligamenta flava: running very elastic spanning the space between the laminae in pairs. They stretch into the fibrous capsule of the facet joints.

Neurological Examination: Upper Quarter

* Abnomalities in the cervical spine are perceived clinically as neurological sign and symptoms in the U/E.
* The neurological examination determine whether pathologic changes in the neck account for the U/E neurologic sign.
* The tests examine motor power, reflex, and sensation by neurologic level from C4 to T2.
* There are eight paired spinal nerves in the cervical spine but only seven vertebrae.
* The first through the seventh nerves exit above the vertebra of corresponding number. The eighth cervical nerve exits below the seventh vertebra and above the first thoracic vertebrae.
* The brachial plexus is composed of nerves emerging from C4 to T1.
* Must do: where the patient’s symptoms extends distal to the tip of the shoulder. Also, in any condition which may indicate a worsening condition.

Degenerative Pathology

* Isolated disc thinning and uncus or zygapophyseal joints become weight bearing
* disc posteriorly bulge into epidural space. The nerve root, the vertebral arteries and the spinal cord are easy to be damaged.
* Mechanisms of cervical disc pain: mechanical v.s. chemical

The Nerve Supply of The Cervical Spine
- The Dorsal Rami and The Ventral Rami

* The dorsal rami of the cervical spine innervate the posterior element of the neck
* The posterior elements of the neck are those structures that lie behind the intervertebral foramina nerve roots
* The lateral branches of the dorsal rami supply the more superficial posterior neck muscles
* The medial branches of the dorsal rami supply the deeper and more medial muscles and zygapophyseal joints
* The ventral rami innervates the anterior elements of the neck
* The anterior elements of the neck include the cervical intervetebral disc, the ALL, the PLL, the preveertebral muscles, the O-C1and C1-2
* Other muscles in the neck also innervated by cervical vertrasl rami are the scalenes, the trapezius, and the SCM

Disorders of the Cervical Spine.ppt

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23 April 2009

General Human Anatomy



General Human Anatomy Lecture Archives from University of Berkeley

View archived webcastMon 8/27 Organization of Body
View archived webcastWed 8/29 Skeletal System 1
View archived webcastFri 8/31 Skeletal System 2
View archived webcastWed 9/5 Skeletal System 3
View archived webcastFri 9/7 Skeletal System 4
View archived webcastMon 9/10 Skeletal System 5
View archived webcastWed 9/12 Skeletal System 6
View archived webcastFri 9/14 Skeletal, Muscular Systems
View archived webcastMon 9/17 Muscular System 1
View archived webcastWed 9/19 Muscular System 2
View archived webcastFri 9/21 Muscular System 3
View archived webcastMon 9/24 Hematology 1
View archived webcastWed 9/26 Hematology 2
View archived webcastFri 9/28 Hematology, Cardiology
View archived webcastMon 10/1 Cardiology
View archived webcastWed 10/3 Blood Vascular System 1
View archived webcastFri 10/5 Blood Vascular System 2
View archived webcastMon 10/8 Lymphatic System
View archived webcastWed 10/10 Respiratory System 1
View archived webcastFri 10/12 Review
View archived webcast

Mon 10/15 Exam 1
View archived webcastWed 10/17 Respiratory System 2
View archived webcastFri 10/19 Neurohistology
View archived webcastMon 10/22 Neurohistology, Development of Nervous System
View archived webcastWed 10/24 Development of Nervous System
View archived webcastFri 10/26 Spinal Cord and Nerves
View archived webcastMon 10/29 Peripheral Nerves
View archived webcastWed 10/31 Sensory and Motor Pathways
View archived webcastFri 11/2 Motor Pathways and Forebrain
View archived webcastMon 11/5 Forebrain
View archived webcastWed 11/7 Eye
View archived webcastFri 11/9 Review
View archived webcastFri 11/16 Digestive System 1
View archived webcastMon 11/19 Digestive System 2
View archived webcastWed 11/21 Digestive System 3
View archived webcastMon 11/26 Urinary System
View archived webcastWed 11/28 Endocrine System
View archived webcastFri 11/30 Endocrine System - Female Reproductive System
View archived webcastMon 12/3 Female Reproductive System
View archived webcastWed 12/5 Male Reproductive System
View archived webcastFri 12/7 Integumentary System
View archived webcastMon 12/10 Review

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