Nutrition

Nutrition
Presentation lecture by:Amy C. Chavarria, RN, MSN, MBA, HCM, CCE

Dr.Chavarria described every vitamin / mineral in detail such as functions, sources, deficienties etc.
Essential Nutrients and Sources

* Water
* Carbohydrates
* Protein
* Fats
* Micronutrients
o Vitamins
o Minerals
Carbohydrates
Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism: Carbohydrates

* Major enzymes include ptyalin (salivary amylase), pancreatic amylase, and the disaccharidases
* End products are monosaccharides
* Absorbed by the small intestine in healthy people
* Body breaks carbohydrates into glucose
o Maintain blood levels
o Provide a readily available source of energy

Proteins
Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism: Protein

* Digestion begins in the mouth with enzyme pepsin
* Most protein digested in the small intestine
* Pancreas secretes the proteolytic enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase
* Glands in intestinal wall secrete aminopeptidase and dipeptidase which break protein into amino acids
* Amino acids absorbed by active transport through small intestines
* Anabolism, catabolism, nitrogen balance

Lipids/Fats
Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism: Lipids/Fats

* Digestion begins in the stomach, but mainly digested in the small intestine
* Digestion primarily by bile, pancreatic lipase, and enteric lipase
* End products of lipid digestion are glycerol, fatty acids, and cholesterol
* Reassembled inside the intestinal cells into triglycerides and cholesterol esters
Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism: Lipids/Fats

* Small intestine and the liver convert these into soluble compounds called lipoprotein
* Converting fat into useable energy occurs through lipase that breaks down triglycerides in adipose cells releasing glycerol and fatty acids into the blood

Micronutrients
* Vitamins
* Minerals

VITAMIN A

FUNCTIONS: -maintenance of normal vision especially in dim light

* maintenance of healthy epithelium
* promotion of normal skeletal and teeth development
* promotion of cellular proliferation

SOURCES: liver, fish, liver oils, fortified milk and dairy products

DEFICIENCY/IES: Night blindness, Cessation of bone growth, Decreased mucous secretion of stomach and intestine, Dry eyes, scaly skin

VITAMIN D

FUNCTIONS: - intestinal absorption of calcium

* mobilization of calcium and phosphorus from bone
* renal absorption of calcium

SOURCES: exposure to sunlight

DEFICIENCY/CIES:
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Tetany

VITAMIN E FUNCTIONS: - antioxidant

* assists in maintaining the integrity of cellular membranes and protecting vitamin A from oxidation
SOURCES: vegetable oils, wheat germ, leafy vegetables, soybeans, corn, peanuts, margarine
DEFICIENCY/CIES: Rare-increase hemolysis of RBC
* poor reflexes

VITAMIN K

* Intake of this vitamin is needed in the liver for the formation of prothrombin & other clotting factors ----- ‘blood coagulation’

SOURCES: green leafy vegetables, cheese, egg yolk, liver
DEFICIENCY/CIES: Hemorrhage, Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn


VITAMIN B1 (THIAMINE)

FUNCTIONS: - aids in energy metabolism especially in carbohydrates metabolism

* provides normal nervous system functioning, normal appetite and digestion

SOURCES: pork, liver, organ meats, potatoes, eggs, nuts, legumes, milk, whole grains

DEFICIENCY/CIES: Beriberi – characterized by neurological, cerebral and cardiovascular abnormalities

S/S: anorexia, indigestion, constipation, apathy, fatigue, muscle weakness, cardiac failure – death may occur

VITAMIN B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)
FUNCTIONS: - aids in protein and carbohydrate metabolism and contributes to healthy skin and normal vision
SOURCES: milk and dairy products, organ meats, eggs, green leafy vegetables
DEFICIENCY/CIES: Cheilosis – cracking and fissures at the corners of the mouth
Dermatitis – inflammation of the skin evidenced by itching, redness, and various skin lesions
Photophobia – unusual intolerance to light

VITAMIN B3 (NIACIN)

FUNCTIONS: - involved in glycogen metabolism, tissue regeneration and fat synthesis
SOURCES: liver, fish, poultry, peanut butter, whole grains
DEFICIENCY/CIES: Pellagra – characterized by 4Ds: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death, headache, weight loss and abdominal pain

VITAMIN B12 (CYANACOBALAMIN)
FUNCTIONS: - formation of RBC and synthesis of DNA and RNA
* maintenance of nervous tissue
* blood formation

SOURCES: liver, meats, milk, eggs, cheese, shrimp
DEFICIENCY/CIES: Pernicious Anemia – inadequate RBC formation due to lack of intrinsic factor from the stomach which is required for the absorption of Vitamin B12
S/S: numbness, confusion, depression, delusion, psychosis

FOLIC ACID (FOLACIN)
FUNCTIONS: co-enzyme of in protein metabolism and cell growth
* RBC formation
Note: Important in early pregnancy which is essential for spine and spinal cord development in the fetus
SOURCES: green leafy vegetables, liver, organ meats, eggs, milk
DEFICIENCY/CIES: Glossitis, Anemia, Birth Defects (Neural tube defects)

VITAMIN C FUNCTIONS: - antioxidant

* protects against infection
* promotes healing
* aids in absorption of iron

SOURCES: citrus fruits, green peppers, broccoli, cabbage
DEFICIENCY/CIES: Scurvy – characterized by small skin hemorrhages, sore gums
MINERALS

* are inorganic substances found in nearly all body tissues and fluids
* Help build body tissue and regulate metabolism

CALCIUM

* bone and teeth formation and maintenance
* conversion pf prothrombin to thrombin and other steps in coagulation process
* nerve impulse transmission
* contraction and relaxation of muscles
* regulation of materials in and out of cells

DEFICIENCY/CIES:
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
IRON
* most iron in the body is found in hemoglobin – is the red pigmented, iron containing protein
* Hemoglobin- carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and helps transport CO2 to the lungs

DEFICIENCY/CIES: Iron deficiency anemia
SODIUM

* found primarily in the extracellular fluid in the body and as an ion, helps maintain the body’s fluid and acid–base balance
POTASSIUM

* is found primarily in intracellular fluid and functions as protein synthesis, fluid balance, regulation of muscle contraction

IODINE

* primarily located in the thyroid gland
* is a component of thyroid hormone
* regulates energy metabolism
* nervous and muscle cell functioning
* mental and physical growth
* DEFICIENCY/CIES: Goiter, Cretinism – characterized by muscle flabbiness, weakness, dry skin thick lips, skeletal retardation and severe mental retardation

A & P Review
Energy Balance
* Caloric value
* Basic Metabolic Rate (BMR)
* Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)

Healthy Body Weight
Nutrition assessment
Factors Influencing Nutrition
Developmental Nutritional Considerations
PREGNANCY & LACTATION
LACTATING MOTHER
Diets
Food Pyramids
Nutritional Screening and Assessment
NUTRITIONAL STATUS
Guide for BMI Evaluation
IDEAL BODY WEIGHT
APPROXIMATING IDEAL BODY WEIGHT
PHYSICAL STATUS
Malnutrition
Malnutrition Risk Factors
Nursing Interventions for Optimal Nutrition
Nursing Interventions
NANDA Nursing Diagnoses
Desired Outcomes
Planning and Evaluation
Enteric Tube Feeding
COMMUNITY RESOURCES
Happy eating!!

Nutrition.ppt