Influenza A (H1N1) guidance documents from WHO

Influenza A(H1N1) guidance documents from WHO

A

Advice on the use of masks in the community setting in Influenza A(H1N1) outbreaks

C

CDC protocol of realtime RTPCR for swine influenza A(H1N1)
Clean hands protect against infection
Considerations of influenza A(H1N1) and HIV infection
Countries able to perform PCR to diagnose influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in humans

G

Global surveillance during an influenza pandemic
Guidance to influenza laboratories: diagnosing swine influenza A/H1N1 infections of current concern

I

Infection prevention and control in health care in providing care for confirmed or suspected A(H1N1) swine influenza patients
Infection prevention and control of epidemic- and pandemic-prone acute respiratory diseases in health care
Instruction on how to obtain CDC realtime RT-PCR kits for detection of influenza A(H1N1)
Instructions for shipments of swine influenza A(H1N1) specimens and virus isolates to WHO Collaborating Centres for influenza
Interim WHO guidance for the surveillance of human infection with swine influenza A(H1N1) virus

L

Laboratory biorisk management for laboratories handling human specimens suspected or confirmed to contain influenza A (H1N1) causing the current international epidemics

P

Pandemic influenza preparedness and mitigation in refugee and displaced populations. WHO guidelines for humanitarian agencies.
Pandemic influenza preparedness and response
Pandemic influenza prevention and mitigation in low resource communities
Protocol for antiviral susceptibility testing by pyrosequencing

R

Reducing excess mortality from common illnesses during an influenza pandemic.

S

Sequencing primers and protocol
Status of candidate vaccine virus development for the current Influenza A(H1N1) virus

V

Viral gene sequences to assist update diagnostics for swine influenza A(H1N1)
Viral gene sequences to assist update diagnostics for swine influenza A(H1N1) - GenBank accession numbers

W

WHO ad hoc scientific teleconference on the current influenza A(H1N1) situation
WHO Technical Consultation on the Severity of Disease Caused by the new influenza A (H1N1) virus infections

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Female Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System

Adolescence
* Puberty
* Burst of hormones activate maturation of the gonads: ovaries
* Begins: 8-13 yrs of age
* Abnormally early = precocious puberty
* Delayed =Primary Amenorrhea

Function of Female Reproductive System
* Produce sex hormones
* Produce functioning gamates [ova]
* Support & protect developing embryo

General Physical Changes
* Axillary & pubic hair growth
* Changes in body conformation [widening of hips, development of breasts]
* Onset of first menstrual period [menarche]
* Mental changes

THE EMOTIONAL HEALTH OF ADOLESCENT GIRLS A CONCERN
Major Organs
* Ovaries [ gonads]
* Uterine tubes [ fallopian tubes]
* Uterus
* Vagina
* Accessory glands
* External genitalia
* Breasts

During Oogenesis
During Spermatogenesis & Mitosis
oogenesis
fallopian tubes [uterine tubes]
uterus
endometrium
Uterine arteries
* Arcuate arteries - encircle endometrium
* Radial arteries – connect arcuate to straight
* Straight arteries – deliver blood to basilar zone
* Spiral arteries – deliver blood to functional zone

The Cervix
The Vagina
External genetalia
Mammary Glands [ breasts]
glands

Female Reproductive System.ppt

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Reproductive Pathophysiology

Reproductive Pathophysiology
Presentation by:W. Rose

1. Alterations of Maturation
2. Female system disorders
3. Male system disorders
4. Breast disorders


Reproductive Pathophysiology

1. Alterations of Maturation

Delayed puberty
High LH, FSH: Lack of gonads often due to
genetic defect – 45X, 47XXY etc
Low LH, FSH: disrupted hypothal-pit-gonadal axis.
Anorexia, severe obesity, marijuana, Cushing syn, GnRH deficiency, etc

Precocious puberty
Reproductive Pathophysiology

2. Female system disorders
Hormonal & menstrual
Infection & inflammation
Pelvic relaxation disorders
Benign growths & proliferative disorders
Cancer
Sexual dysfunction
Impaired fertility

Hormonal & menstrual
Primary dysmenorrhea
Primary amenorrhea
Secondary amenorrhea
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Premenstrual syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome
Can cause oligoovulation or anovulation
Most common cause of anovulation in infertile women
Androgen excess typically also seen
Polycystic ovaries
Associated with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, hyperinsulinemia, & overweight
Weight loss helps
Drug therapy:
P.I.D. inflamm due to infection. Any or all pelvic organs.
Various bacteria; go from cervix > uterus > pelvic cavity. Salpingitis=fallopian tubes; oophoritis=ovaries. Can cause infertility, ectopic pregn, chronic pelvic pain, etc; complication rate up with repeat infections.

Vaginitis inflamm due to infection
Cervicitis inflamm due to infection
Vulvitis dermatitis
Bartholinitis
infection causes inflamm, closure of of duct from B.g.; cyst forms
Pelvic relaxation disorders
Uterine prolapse
Vaginal prolapse
Benign growths & proliferative disorders
Benign ovarian cysts
Endometrial polyps
Leiomyomas
Adenomyosis
Endometriosis
Vaginal cancer
Vulvar cancer
Endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma
3. Male system disorders
Urethra
Penis
Scrotum, testis, epididymis
Prostate
Sexual dysfunction
Impaired fertility: low sperm quantity/quality

4. Breast disorders
Female
Galactorrhea
Benign breast conditions
(fibrocystic changes)
Cancer

Male
Gynecomastia
Cancer

Breast Cancer
Most common female ca, 2nd most deadly
Risk factors

Family history. Early menarche, late menopause, late or no 1st pregnancy. Oral contraceptives; estrogen replace w/o progesterone or estrogen replace w/ cyclic progesterone.
Reproductive Pathophysiology.ppt

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