Hyperaemia & Congestion

Hyperaemia & Congestion

Presentation contains:
Hyperaemia
Congestion
Physiological
Pathological
Congestion

* Congestion of capillary beds closely related to the development of oedema (congestion & oedema commonly occour together).
* Chronic passive congestion leads to hypoxia due to stasis of poorly oxygenated blood, resulting in parenchymal cell degeneration or death.
* Capillary rupture at sites of chronic congestion may cause small foci of haemorrhage.
* Breakdown & phagocytosis of red cell debris can result in small clusters of haemosiderin-laden macrophages.
Local Passive Venous Congestion:
Pathological Effects of Congestion
Pathological Effects of Congestion
Chronic Passive Venous Congestion of Spleen

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The Haematopoietic & Lymphoid Systems

The Haematopoietic & Lymphoid Systems

Erythrocytes

* Haematocrit
* MCV - size of RBC
* MCH - Hb content
* MCHC - Hb content
* Anaemia - decreased RBC’s/Hb conc.
* Anisocytosis - variation in size
* Poikilocytosis - abnormal shape
* Polycythemia - increased RBC’s

Leukocytes

* Granulocytes - neutrophil; basophil; eosinophil
* Agranulocytes - lymphocytes; monocytes
* Leukocytosis - increased WBC’s
* Neutrophilia
* Monocytosis
* Eosinophilia
* Basophilia
* Lymphocytosis
* Leukopaenia - decresed WBC’s
* Neutropaenia
* Pancytopaenia
* lymphoaenia


Platelets

* Thrombocytopaenia
* Decreased platelets
* Thrombocytosis
* Increased platelets

Haemopoiesis

* Sites of Haemopoiesis
* Haemopoietic stem cells
* Erythropoiesis
* Leukopoiesis
* Megakaryocytopoiesis
* Blood cells kinetics
* Control of haemopoiesis
* Haemoglobin


Blood Cell Differentiation from Stem Cell

Haemopoiesis
Haemoglobin
Anaemia
Classification of Anaemia
RBC morphology

Haemorrhage & Blood Loss Anaemia
Iron-deficiency Anaemia
Mechanisms of Iron Deficiency
Iron Metabolism
Clinical Pathogenesis
Clinical Morphology & Features
Diagnostic Criteria
Megaloblastic Anaemia
Megaloblast

Fe accumulation in bone marrow
Affects granulocyte & platelet precursors
Pancytopaenia
Morphology
Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anaemia
Mechanisms of Deficiency
Vit B12
Folate Deficiency Anaemia
Anaemia of Chronic Disorders
Chronic inflam disease
Aplastic (hypoplastic) Anaemia
Aetiology
Pathogenesis
Myelopthisic Anaemia
Haemolytic Anaemia
Consequences of Haemolytic Anaemia
Immune Haemolyitic Anaemias
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Sickle Cell Anaemia
Haemoglobinopathy
Factors that influence sickling
Hereditary spherocytosis
Thalassemia
β-thalassemia
Thalassemia major
Thalassemia minor
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria
Immunohaemolytic Anaemias
Warm Ab Immunohaemolytic Anaemia
Cold Ab Immunohaemolytic Anaemia
Microngiopathic Haemolytic Anaemia
Malaria
Leukaemia
Acute Leukaemia
Chronic Leukaemia
Clinical Course
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)
Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)
Myelodysplastic Disorders
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Natural History of Myeloproliferative Disorders
Polycythaemia rubra vera
Common aetiological conditions & pathology
Myelofibrosis
Essential Thrombocythaemia
Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
Multiple Myeloma
Pathology of Bone Disease in MM
Disorders of Primary Haemostasis
Thrombocytopaenia (decreased platelets in blood due to excessive destruction or decreased production)
Idiopathic Thrombocytopaenic Purpura
Thrombotic Microangiopathies (disorders of small vessels resulting in thrombosis)
Thrombocytic Thrombocytopaenic Purpura
Fundamental to TTP & HUS
Immune Thrombocytopaenias
Acquired Disorders of Platelet Function
Bleeding Due to Vascular Disorders
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
Disorders of Blood Coagulation
Haemophilia (inherited disorder in which the blood clots very slowly due to deficiency of clotting factors)
Von Willebrand Disease
Disseminated Intravascular Disease
Aetiological factors
Haemorrhage & ischaemia

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The Kidney & Urinary Tract

The Kidney & Urinary Tract

Renal Function

* Excretion of metabolic waste
* Regulation of salt & water balance
* Acid-Base balance
* Hormone secretion

Morphological Components

* Glomeruli
* Tubules
* Interstitium
* Blood vessels

Renal Tubular Structure & Function – single nephron
Clinical Manifestations of Renal Disease
Renal Syndromes
Congenital Disease
Glomerular Disease
Normal Glomerulus
Ultrastructure of Glomerular Capillary
Classification of Glomerular Dx
Nomenclature of glomerular injury
Clinical Presentations
Asymptomatic Proteinuria
Acute Nephritis (Nephritic syndrome
Nephrotic Syndrome
Chronic Renal Failure
Pathogenesis of Glomerular Injury
Immune Mechanisms of Glomerulonephritis
Immune Complex Nephritis-in-situ
Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease
Heyman Nephritis (autologous immune complex nephritis)
Circulating Immune Complex Nephritis
(type III hypersensitivity reactions)
Cell Mediated Immune Glomerulonephritis
Mediators of Inflammatory Damage
Other Mediators of Glomerular Injury
Primary Glomerular Disease
Secondary Glomerular Disease
Immune Complex Mediated Conditions
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Tubulo-Interstitial Disorders
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Interstitial Nephritis
Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Chronic Interstitial Nephritis
Drug Induced Interstitial Necrosis
Analgesic Nephropathy
Hypokalaemic nephropathy
Urate (Gouty) nephropathy
Hypercalcaemic nephropathy
Oxalate nephropathy
Acute Pyelonephritis
Haematogenous Spread
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Urinary Outflow Obstruction
Renal Calculi
calculus formation
Cystic Disease of the Kidney
Cystic Disease
Simple Cysts
Autosomal Dominant (Adult) Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal Recessive (Childhood) Polycystic Kidney Disease
Disease Involving the Blood Vessels
Benign Nephrosclerosis
Malignant Nephrosclerosis
Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Tumours of the Kidney
Benign Renal Tumours
Malignant Renal Tumours
Bladder
Cystitis

The Kidney & Urinary Tract.ppt

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