The Changing Face of Viral Hepatitis

The Changing Face of Viral Hepatitis
Presentation by:D. Robert Dufour, MD, FACB, FCAP
Consultant Pathologist
Attending, Liver Clinic
VAMC, Washington DC
Emeritus Professor of Pathology


SIGNIFICANCE
HEPATITIS A
HEPATITIS E
HEV DIAGNOSIS
HEPATITIS B
HBV BIOLOGY
HBV Replication
Circulating HBV
Infection
Reservoir
Replication
HBV
mRNA
Reverse
Transcriptase
RNA-DNA Hybrid
Partially ds-DNA
Pre-S
Free HBsAg
DNA Polymerase
Partially ds-DNA
HBV BIOLOGY
OUTCOME
Loss of HBsAg
HBV SEROLOGIC TESTS
HBsAg
ISOLATED ANTI-HBc
HBeAg
ANTI-HBe
HBV DNA
HBV OUTCOMES & SEROLOGY
Immune control
Immune active
Immune tolerance
Acute hepatitis
HBV REACTIVATION
Anti-HBc pos
HBsAg neg
HEPATITIS C
HCV BIOLOGY
ANTI-HCV
RIBA for anti-HCV
Screening test for Anti-HCV
HCV RIBA
TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HBV AND HCV
ACUTE HEPATITIS
CHRONIC HEPATITIS B
TREATMENT INDICATIONS
TREATMENT BENEFITS
MONITORING Rx

* In HBeAg + with loss HBV DNA, serial monitoring of HBeAg status prognostic; if HBeAg lost (and anti-HBe develops), treatment can be D/C after 6-12 mo with 80% success
* In HBeAg – (or HBeAg + who do not convert), D/C treatment leads to rapid reactivation of HBV replication; treatment usually long-term in these patients

CHRONIC HEPATITIS C
RECENT ARTICLES

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Immunology and immunotherapy in allergic disease

Immunology and immunotherapy in allergic disease
Presentation by:Jing Shen , M. D.
Matthew Ryan, M. D.

Allergy
Hypersensitivity
Immunology review
Antigen presenting cells
CD4+ T lymphocyte
Cytokines
B lymphocyte and IgE antibodies
Mast cells
Eosinophil
Immunotherapy
Mechanism: B cell response
Mechanism: T cell response
Long term efficacy of immunotherapy
Advantage of immunotherapy
Patient selection
Immunotherapy
Sublingual immunotherapy

Efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy

References

Immunology and immunotherapy in allergic disease.ppt

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Probiotics and Allergy

Probiotics and Allergy
Presentation by:Shalini Jain , Hariom Yadav and PR Sinha

Animal Biochemistry Division
National Dairy Research Institute
Karnal,Haryana

Definition

Allergy is an adverse immune reaction to a molecule called allergen (protein) in our environment, which is normally harmless to the non-allergic person.

Types of Allergy

Classified according to symptoms they produce i.e. skin, nose and lungs etc and causes:

* Skin allergy
* Food allergy
* Allergen inhalation
* Allergy to medicine

Risk factors of Allergy

Allergen

An allergen - a substance causing allergic disease in sensitized host. These allergens enter into body by various means:

* Through the skin – cosmetics, stinging insects and oak
* Injections – drugs
* Oral ingestion – Eggs, prawns, peanuts, fish, cow’s milk
* Nose and lungs – airborne pollen of weeds, grasses, dust mite droppings

Symptoms of Allergy
Treatment
Probiotics
Probiotics in Treatment of disease

Probiotics have been found to act as alternative medicine for a number of diseases:
* Lactose intolerance
* Diarrhea
* Constipation
* Inflammatory bowel disease
* Respiratory disease
* Atherosclerosis
* Osteoporosis
* Allergy

Probiotics Role in Allergy
How probiotics work to prevent allergy

To treat allergy, probiotic acts in different ways:
* Degradation/structural modification of enteral antigens.
* Normalization of the properties of aberrant indigenous microbiota and of gut barrier functions.
* Regulation of the secretion of inflammatory mediators, and promoting development of the immune system.
* Prevents food allergy by promoting endogenous barrier mechanisms and alleviating intestinal inflammation.
* Stimulating immune response and reduction of serum IgE levels.
* Reduction of Th2 cytokine response.

Intestinal microflora
Future directions/ perspectives
Conclusion

Probiotics and Allergy.ppt

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