02 April 2010

The Basal Ganglia



The Basal Ganglia

Outline
* Components of the basal ganglia
* Arrangement of basal ganglia components in the brain
* Architecture: cytology & neurochemistry
* Pathways & circuitry
* Function(s) of the basal ganglia
* Dysfunction and pathology
* Differences between human and rodent basal ganglia?

What are the Basal Ganglia?

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Anxiety Disorders



Anxiety Disorders

* Panic disorder
o Can be induced by lactate or CO2 in PD sufferers (only occasionally in normal people)
o Increased activity in parahippocampal gyrus,
o Decreased activity in anterior temporal cortex & amygdala (seems odd!)
o May have 3, rather than 2, repeats of a section on chromosome 15
+ Also have joint laxity (bend too far)

* Treatments for panic disorder
o Benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium)
+ Increase frequency of Cl- channel openings in response to GABA
+ Have little or no effect alone: safer than barbiturates
+ Allopregnanolone = endogenous agonist at benzodiazepine binding site.
o Buspirone (Buspar): 5-HT1a agonist (GI/O)

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Movement Disorders



Movement Disorders

* Background
o AKA Extrapyramidal Disorders
o These disorders impair the regulation of voluntary motor activity w/o affecting the strength, sensation, or cerebellar fcn.
o Result from dysfunction of the basal ganglia
+ Caudate
+ Putamen
+ Globus Pallidus
+ Subthalamic Nucleus
+ Substantia Nigra
+ Lentiform Nucleus
# Putamen & Globus Pallidus
+ Corpus Striatum
# Lentiform Nucleus + Caudate Nucleus

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