Genetic Hearing Loss

Genetic Hearing Loss
By: Jing Shen M.D.
Ronald Deskin M.D.
UTMB Dept of Otolaryngology

Epidemiology
Methods
Syndromic deafness
Alport syndrome
Branchio-oto-renal syndrome
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
Norrie syndrome
Pendred Syndrome
Treacher-collins syndrome
Usher syndrome
Waardenburg syndrome
Non-syndromic deafness
Ion homeostasis
GJB2 (Gap Junction Beta 2)
Transcription factors
Cytoskeleton proteins
Extracellular matrix components
Unknown function genes
Mitochondrial disorders
Evaluation
Genetic screening
Genetic counseling
Cochlear gene therapy
Resources for hereditary hearing loss

* Hereditary hearing loss home page http://www.uia.ac.be/dnalab/hhh
* Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim

Genetic Hearing Loss.ppt

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Drug Induced Dementia: Proceed with Caution

Drug Induced Dementia: Proceed with Caution
By:David M. Angaran, MS, FASHP, FCCP
Clinical Professor University Florida College of Pharmacy
Angaran Associates, LTD

Presentation Objectives
* Explain how and when this may happen.
* Present examples of drug caused conditions and symptoms that worsen dementia.
* Provide drug examples that can worsen dementia
* Describe how to reduce the chance of this happening.

Dementia
* Mental condition which represents a deterioration from previous function in at least three of the following functions:
* Language, understand what you are seeing, memory/reasoning and emotion
* Includes:
o Alzheimer’s, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Lewy Body, and Vascular

But First a Reminder
“The SUNNY side”
Medications can be vital to a better life for the caregiver and patient

Drugs make Dementia Worse:
How?
* Direct acting on the brain
o Delirium Dizziness
o Agitation Hallucinations
o Memory Loss Depression
* Indirect acting on the body
o Constipation Blood sugar
o Urinary retention Dehydration

How often does this happen?
* No ONE really knows
* Patients with mental changes
o 10-30% thought to be drug induced.
* Adverse drug effects emergency room visits for >65 yr. (Gurwitz JH et al. JAMA 2003;289:1107-1116)
o Dementia related
+ Neuropsychiatry 5%
+ Falls, dizzy, 8.5%
* If it happens to you or a loved one it is 100%.

Who is at greatest risk?
* Already demented or brain injury
* Frail elderly, the older the more susceptible.
* Has other disease states
* Taking more drugs
* Taking drugs unknown to physician or pharmacist
o Prescription (another Dr, another Pharmacy)
o Over the counter (OTC) eg. Sleep meds.
o Herbal

When can it happen?
* When a new drug is started.
o >65 yr. Go low and slow
* When the dose is changed.
* When another drug is added, stopped, or changed
* When a drug is stopped
o Treated condition can get worse
o Withdrawal side affects eg. Valium, antidepressants

What Can YOU Do To Help?
“Talk with your Dr. and RPh”
* Must know every drug the person is taking.
o OTC: Benadryl
o Herbal: St. Johns Wart
o Home remedy
o Nutritional supplements eg. Ephedrine
o Alcohol
* Must know HOW the drugs are being taken.
o How much
o How often
o How regular
o How long

What Can you Do to Help?
“Be Informed”
* Keep a Drug log. Name, Use, Directions.
* Do NOT stop, start or change drug regimen without consulting your Dr. or RPh.
* Know what trouble looks like and what to do.
o Side effects
o What action to take
* Ensure the drugs are taken as prescribed.
o What to do if you miss a dose.
* Ask for a “Medication Review” at regular intervals.

Drugs that MAY worsen Dementia
* Anti Cholinergic Alternative
o Elavil- antidepressant Paxil
o Benadry-allergy Claritin
o Demerol-pain Percocet
o Mellaril-antipsychotic Risperdal
* Anti anxiety
o Valium Xanax
* The list goes on and on……….

Nursing Home Do NOT use list
Pentazocine (Talwin): Confusion, hallucinations, dizziness, lightheadedness, euphoria, and sedation
Long-acting benzodiazepines(Librium): Sedation, drowsiness, ataxia, fatigue, confusion, weakness, dizziness, vertigo, syncope, psychological changes
Amitriptyline(Elavil) Anticholinergic and sedating properties, which can result in confusion, delirium, or hallucinations
Doxepin(Sinequan):Anticholinergic and sedating properties, which can result in confusion, delirium, or hallucinations
Meprobamate(Equanil): Highly addictive and sedating, which can result in drowsiness and ataxia
Lisi DM. Medscape Pharmacotherapy 2000;2 www.medscape.com adapted
Digoxin(Lanoxin): Toxic signs include headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, and depression
Methyldopa(Aldomet) May exacerbate depression
Chlorpropamide(Diabenese) Hypoglycemia, which can result in altered mental state (confusion, amnesia, coma)
GI antispasmodics(Bentyl) Highly anticholinergic properties, which can result in confusion, delirium, or hallucinations
Barbiturates(Seconal) Highly addictive and sedative, resulting in drowsiness, lethargy, depression, severe CNS depression
Muscle relaxants(Robaxin): Anticholinergic properties, which can result in sedation, weakness, confusion, delirium, or hallucinations
Antihistamines(Chlortrimeton): Anticholinergic properties, which can result in confusion, delirium, or hallucinations
Reserpine: Depression, sedation
Diphenhydramine(Bendaryl) Highly anticholinergic, which can result in confusion, delirium, or hallucinations
Indomethacin(Indocin) Headache, dizziness, vertigo, somnolence, depression, fatigue
Disopyramide(Norpace): Strongly anticholinergic properties, which can result in confusion, delirium, and hallucinations
* What is IN that over the counter (OTC)?
o DON’T trust the name: Excedrin/Excedrin PM
o Unfamiliar contents: Ask and let them know why you are asking.
o Cautions on the labels are NOT enough.
+ Heavy machinery and driving cautions
+ Sedation and excitement

Mental status has suddenly gotten worse;what will your Dr. Do?
* Drug related questions:
o Could it be caused by a drug?
o What are ALL the drugs the patient is taking?
o Has any drug been started, stopped, or changed?
o How are they TAKING these drugs?
* Actions that may take place.
o Medication review
o Stop, substitute, increase/decrease dose

Getting Help
* Your Pharmacist
o Consultants for nursing homes and assisted living homes.
o Drug needs at ONE pharmacy
+ Complete drug profile
+ Get to know you and your situation
+ Rx medication information sheet NOT written for people suffering from dementia
* Web sites
o www.medscape.com Medscape
o www.intelihealth.com Harvard Medical School

REMEMBER
* Medications can be VERY beneficial for you and your loved one.
* Keep all your healthcare providers informed about what and how drugs are used.
* Keep a record of all the drugs.
* Know what “trouble” looks like and what to do about it.

Drug Induced Dementia: Proceed with Caution.ppt

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Treatment Options for Dementia

Treatment Options for Dementia
By:Deb Bynum, MD
Division of Geriatric Medicine
University of North Carolina

Objectives
* 1. Understand the use of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of alzheimer type, vascular and mixed dementias
* 2. Review the current literature regarding the use of Memantine for severe dementia
* 3.Understand the appropriate use of nonpharmacologic strategies for behavioral problems with dementia
* 4. Review the appropriate use of antipsychotics for psychosis and behavioral symptoms in dementia
* 5. Discuss possible means of preventing dementia

Overview
* 1. Cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of AD, vascular and overlap dementias
* 2. Memantine
* 3. Treatment of behavioral symptoms
* 4. ?Prevention
* 5. Future Directions


The Cholinergic Hypothesis
* Depletion of acetylcholine and nicotinic receptors thought to occur early and relate to memory impairment with AD
* Focus on AD treatment with Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Recommended as first line treatment for patients with mild to moderate AD


Cholinesterase Inhibitors
* Trials in patients with mild to moderate disease (10-24 on MMSE)
* On average these drugs seem to stabilize cognitive function and activities of daily living and may have benefits with QOL and behavioral disturbances for at least one year
* Side Effects: GI

Tacrine
* Trials demonstrating delay of cognitive decline by 6 months
* Delayed time to nursing home placement: At 800 days, 45% in low dose or no tacrine underwent placement vs 21% in high dose tacrine group
* Evidence for long term cost effectiveness
* Reversible hepatotoxicity in 50%

Donepezil (Aricept)
Three large RCT demonstrate modest effectiveness in stabilizing cognitive function
Well tolerated (no difference in adverse events compared to placebo)
Not hepatoxic, no significant drug-drug interactions
Single bedtime dose: start 5 mg, increase to 10 mg after 4-6 weeks
Most common side effects: sleep disturbance, GI

Rivastigmine
* May have increased selectivity for hippocampus and neocortex (areas affected by AD)
* Modestly effective in treatment of mild to moderate AD (but only at high doses of 6-12 mg/day)
* Recommended starting dose: 1.5 mg BID with breakfast and dinner
* Minimize GI side effects with 4-6 week titration, increasing to 3 mg BID, 4.5 mg BID, 6 mg BID
* More GI side effects, weight loss (dose dependent)

Galantamine
* Potential second mechanism: modulator at nicotinic cholinergic receptor
* Three large RCTs indicate effectiveness in mild to moderate AD (same degree as other agents) at doses of 16, 24, 32 mg/day
* Open label 6 month extension of US trial: Possible disease modifying effect
* Starting dose: 4mg BID with meals, increase by 4mg BID every 4-6 weeks

Cholinesterase inhibitors in moderate to severe AD
* RCT of donepezil vs placebo: 24 week international trial of 290 patients (MMSE 5-18)
* 63 % of donepezil treated patients were stable/better vs 42% in placebo group

Comparison of Cholinesterase Inhibitors…
* Cochrane Dementia Group: 3 systematic reviews on efficacy of donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine
* Each drug seems to have similar treatment effect at 6 months on global and cognitive rating scales
* No double blind head to head trial

Cholinesterase Inhibitors and AD: Summary
* Approved for treatment of mild to moderate AD
* Probably effective in treatment of more severe AD
* Goal: stabilization (not miracle drugs)
* Delay in nursing home placement, decline in ADLS
* Probably benefits behavioral and functional status as well
* Data suggest no big difference in efficacy among the 3 agents, although donepezil is easier to titrate and better tolerated

Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Other Dementias…
* Vascular dementia and Dementia with Lewy Bodies each account for 10-15% cases
* Prominence of mixed pathology (especially vascular and AD in older population)

Galantamine: Vascular and AD/Vascular Dementia
* Placebo controlled trial, 6 months, 592 patients
* 50% in study had AD plus radiological evidence of CVD, 41% had probable vascular dementia, 9% indeterminant
* Results for the whole group were similar to previous trials in typical AD : 74% galantamine groupwere improved/stable vs 59% in placebo group
* AD-CVD subgroup similar effects to prior trials with AD patients


Summary of Galantamine and Vascular dementia
* Patients with typical features of AD mixed with features of CVD or evidence of CVD on radiological tests seem to respond similarly to patients with AD alone
* Subgroup with CVD alone does better over long term (even with placebo)
* Surprise: patients with what appears to be only CVD also seem to have some benefit (these patients not traditionally felt to have specific degeneration of cortical cholinergic pathways)

Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Other dementias
* Lewy Body Dementia: may respond even more than AD patients
* Frontal Lobe Dementia: often respond adversely to cholinesterase inhibitors with increased agitation and insomnia

Memantine
* NMDA (glutamate) receptor activation thought to be involved in neurodegeneration
* Memantine: NMDA antagonist aimed at protecting neurons from glutamate mediated excitotoxicity
* Approved in Europe in 2002 for treatment of severe AD (MMSE 3-14)
* Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study: 166 patients with severe dementia (AD and vascular, MMSE <10)
* Cognitive and Behavioral Rating Scale significantly better with treatment, regardless of dementia type
* Other European studies have looked at treatment for moderate-severe Vascular Dementia, demonstrating similar efficacy
* 28 week RCT of 252 patients with severe AD (MMSE 3-14) in NEJM: memantine associated with less deterioration in cognitive and functional measures than placebo
* Problem: small numbers, high drop out rate
* Preliminary study: 400 patients with severe AD, 6 months RCT of memantine plus donepezil vs placebo plus donepezil: memantine group had significant benefit in comparison

Memantine: Summary
* Approved for treatment of moderate-severe AD
* Likely of benefit also in severe vascular and mixed dementias as well
* Likely will be used in combination with donepezil or other cholinesterase inhibitors
* Cochrane Dementia Group: “memantine is a safe drug and may be useful for treating AD, vascular and mixed dementia, although most of the trials so far reported have been small and not long enough to detect clinically important benefit”

Behavioral Symptoms: Nonpharmacologic Treatment
* Depression, agitation, aggression, wandering, sleep disturbance, paranoia, anxiety
* Assess for/treat depression
* Assess cause for increased symptoms (caregiver, environmental changes, medications, infection)
* Assess for caregiver depression
* ID and avoid triggers of negative behavior
* Redirection
* Environmental modification for wandering
* Sleep hygiene

Use of Atypical Antipsychotics
* Older, “typical” agents such as haloperidol and thioridazine (mellaril) associated with significant extrapyramidal symptoms
* Theoretically combination of dopamine and serotonin effects of atypical agents allow treatment of positive and negative psychotic symptoms with less EPS

Risperidone
* Evidence demonstrates efficacy in treatment of psychotic and behavior symptoms in patients with dementia
* Exacerbates movement disorder in patients with Parkinson’s
* Start .25/day, average daily dose 1-1.5mg/day
* EPS in dose dependent manner (6mg/day)
* Insomnia, hypotension, weight gain
* Elevation of prolactin levels

Olanzapine
* Evidence that it is effective in AD patients
* Increases motor symptoms in PD patients
* Recommended not to use with PD
* Start: 1.25-2.5/day, increase to 5/day (dosages of 10-15/day are not more effective!)
* More sedating than others (more anticholinergic effects)
* Sedation, weight gain, orthostatic hypotension, seizures, glucose intolerance
* Showing promise in patients with AD and PD
* Does not exacerbate movement disorder of PD
* May be first line for PD patients with psychosis
* 12.5 QHS, titrate every 3-5 days
* Sedation, HA, orthostatic hypotension
* ?Cataract formation

Ziprasidone (Geodon)
* New, clinical data lacking
* Non dose-dependent QT prolongation

Clozapine
* Very effective in treating psychosis in PD patients
* The most effective agent in treatment of drug induced psychosis in PD
* Some efficacy with AD patients
* Start: 6.5mg/day
* Agranulocytosis, frequent monitoring limits use

Antipsychotics in Dementia: Summary
* Start very low, monitor for hypotension, P450 effects, sedation, EPS
* Monitor and avoid use as “chemical restraint”
* Avoid if at all possible in Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Prevention of Dementia
* HTN and Hyperlipidemia
o Observational studies show less risk of AD in patients on statin agents (RCTs do not show effect)
o Original HTN in Elderly studies: patients initially on placebo with systolic HTN had persistent elevation in risk of dementia
* Vascular risk factors seem to play role even for AD!
* Evidence lacking for Vit E, Estrogen, NSAIDS

Future Directions
* Amyloid B peptide (plaque component) vaccination
* Amyloid modulators
* ?Anti-inflammatory drugs
* Treatment with statins
* ?Low flow VP shunting

Take Home Points
* Cholinesterase Inhibitors are MODESTLY effective in treatment of mild to moderate AD
* Cholinesterase Inhibitors are probably effective in more severe AD
* No large difference in efficacy between agents, but Donepezil more easily titrated and tolerated
* Evidence to support use of cholinesterase inhibitors for vascular and vascular/AD dementia
* Memantine looks to be effective for more severe AD and vascular dementia, will likely be used in combination with cholinesterase inhibitors
* Behavioral symptoms common, first line of treatment is nonpharmacologic
* Atypical antipsychotics can be effective, but use in low doses and watch carefully for problems (especially EPS, hypotension)
* For PD, quetiapine (seroquel) may be first line for psychotic symptoms
* Avoid antipsychotics with Lewy Body Disease!

Treatment Options for Dementia.ppt

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