The Kidney & Urinary Tract

The Kidney & Urinary Tract

Renal Function

* Excretion of metabolic waste
* Regulation of salt & water balance
* Acid-Base balance
* Hormone secretion

Morphological Components

* Glomeruli
* Tubules
* Interstitium
* Blood vessels

Renal Tubular Structure & Function – single nephron
Clinical Manifestations of Renal Disease
Renal Syndromes
Congenital Disease
Glomerular Disease
Normal Glomerulus
Ultrastructure of Glomerular Capillary
Classification of Glomerular Dx
Nomenclature of glomerular injury
Clinical Presentations
Asymptomatic Proteinuria
Acute Nephritis (Nephritic syndrome
Nephrotic Syndrome
Chronic Renal Failure
Pathogenesis of Glomerular Injury
Immune Mechanisms of Glomerulonephritis
Immune Complex Nephritis-in-situ
Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease
Heyman Nephritis (autologous immune complex nephritis)
Circulating Immune Complex Nephritis
(type III hypersensitivity reactions)
Cell Mediated Immune Glomerulonephritis
Mediators of Inflammatory Damage
Other Mediators of Glomerular Injury
Primary Glomerular Disease
Secondary Glomerular Disease
Immune Complex Mediated Conditions
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Tubulo-Interstitial Disorders
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Interstitial Nephritis
Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Chronic Interstitial Nephritis
Drug Induced Interstitial Necrosis
Analgesic Nephropathy
Hypokalaemic nephropathy
Urate (Gouty) nephropathy
Hypercalcaemic nephropathy
Oxalate nephropathy
Acute Pyelonephritis
Haematogenous Spread
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Urinary Outflow Obstruction
Renal Calculi
calculus formation
Cystic Disease of the Kidney
Cystic Disease
Simple Cysts
Autosomal Dominant (Adult) Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal Recessive (Childhood) Polycystic Kidney Disease
Disease Involving the Blood Vessels
Benign Nephrosclerosis
Malignant Nephrosclerosis
Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Tumours of the Kidney
Benign Renal Tumours
Malignant Renal Tumours
Bladder
Cystitis

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The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System

Normal Structure & Function

* Endocrine vs Exocrine glands
* Paracrine glands (diffuse endocrine)
* Autocrine effects
* Hormones
* Secondary messenger molecules (e.g. cAMP)
* Pituitary
* Adrenal Medulla
* Adrenal Cortex
* Thyroid
* Parathyroid
* Endocrine Pancreas

Endocrine Pathology
Pituitary
Hormone Secreting Cells of Adenohypophysis
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary Anenomas
Systemic Features of Acromegaly
Hormones of Neurohypophysis
Diabetes Insipidus
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion
Adrenal Medulla
Pheochromocytoma
Adrenal Cortex
Steroid Hormones
Conditions Affecting Adrenal Cortex
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction
Cushing’s Syndrome
Hypercortisolism
Aetiology & Pathogenesis
Hyperaldosteronism
Primary Hyperaldosteronism
Seconday Hyperaldosteronism
Adrenogenital Syndromes
Acute Adrenocortical Insufficiency
Chronic Adrenocortical Insufficiency
Thyroid
Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)
Thyroid Storm
Hypothyroidism
Myxoedema
Cretinism
Myxoedema
Simple Goitre (Enlargement of the thyroid gland without hyperthyroidism)
Aetiology & Pathogenesis
Grave’s Disease
Thyroiditis inflammation of the thyroid
Non-specific Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis -Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
Subacute (Granulomatous) Thyroiditis
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Hypothyrodism
Neoplasms of Thyroid
Follicular Adenomas
Thyroid Carcinomas
Hyperparathyroidism
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
“Bones, Stones & Groans Disease”
Hypoparathyroidism
Endocrine Pancrease
Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus
Non-Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus
Secondary Diabetes
Pathology of Insulin Deficiency
Complications
Large Blood Vessels
Small blood vessels
Peripheral Nervous System
Neutrophils
Pregnancy
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

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The Lymphoid Systems Pathology

The Lymphoid Systems
(Lymph nodes; Thymus; Spleen)

Lymph Nodes
Micro-architecture & functional anatomy
White Blood Cell Disorders
Lymphadenopathy (Lymph Node Enlargement)
Non-specific reactive hyperplasia
Reactive Leukocytosis
Specific Lymphadenitis
Granulomatous lymphadenitis
Necrotising lymphadenitis
Sinus histiocytosis
Paracortical hyperplasia
Infectious Mononucleosis
Viral transmitted via direct oral contact (kissing disease)
Morphology
Clinical Course
Complications
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HIV transmitted sexually
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Neoplastic Proliferations of White Blood Cells
Lymph Nodes Micro-architecture & functional anatomy
Malignant Lymphomas
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Hodgkin’s Disease
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Grade Classification
Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
Follicular Lymphoma
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
precursor B-lymphocytic lymphoma
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
(Small non-cleaved lymphoma)
Malt Lymphoma
Mycosis fungoides; Sezony Syndrome
Adult T-cell Lymphoma
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Rye Classification
Aetiology & Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Nodular Sclerosis
Lymphocyte Predominance
Lymphocyte Depletion
Disorders of the Thymus & Spleen
Splenomegaly
Massive Splenomegaly
Moderate Splenomegaly
Mild Splenomegaly
Thymus

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