The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System

Normal Structure & Function

* Endocrine vs Exocrine glands
* Paracrine glands (diffuse endocrine)
* Autocrine effects
* Hormones
* Secondary messenger molecules (e.g. cAMP)
* Pituitary
* Adrenal Medulla
* Adrenal Cortex
* Thyroid
* Parathyroid
* Endocrine Pancreas

Endocrine Pathology
Pituitary
Hormone Secreting Cells of Adenohypophysis
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary Anenomas
Systemic Features of Acromegaly
Hormones of Neurohypophysis
Diabetes Insipidus
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion
Adrenal Medulla
Pheochromocytoma
Adrenal Cortex
Steroid Hormones
Conditions Affecting Adrenal Cortex
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction
Cushing’s Syndrome
Hypercortisolism
Aetiology & Pathogenesis
Hyperaldosteronism
Primary Hyperaldosteronism
Seconday Hyperaldosteronism
Adrenogenital Syndromes
Acute Adrenocortical Insufficiency
Chronic Adrenocortical Insufficiency
Thyroid
Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)
Thyroid Storm
Hypothyroidism
Myxoedema
Cretinism
Myxoedema
Simple Goitre (Enlargement of the thyroid gland without hyperthyroidism)
Aetiology & Pathogenesis
Grave’s Disease
Thyroiditis inflammation of the thyroid
Non-specific Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis -Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
Subacute (Granulomatous) Thyroiditis
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Hypothyrodism
Neoplasms of Thyroid
Follicular Adenomas
Thyroid Carcinomas
Hyperparathyroidism
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
“Bones, Stones & Groans Disease”
Hypoparathyroidism
Endocrine Pancrease
Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus
Non-Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus
Secondary Diabetes
Pathology of Insulin Deficiency
Complications
Large Blood Vessels
Small blood vessels
Peripheral Nervous System
Neutrophils
Pregnancy
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

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The Lymphoid Systems Pathology

The Lymphoid Systems
(Lymph nodes; Thymus; Spleen)

Lymph Nodes
Micro-architecture & functional anatomy
White Blood Cell Disorders
Lymphadenopathy (Lymph Node Enlargement)
Non-specific reactive hyperplasia
Reactive Leukocytosis
Specific Lymphadenitis
Granulomatous lymphadenitis
Necrotising lymphadenitis
Sinus histiocytosis
Paracortical hyperplasia
Infectious Mononucleosis
Viral transmitted via direct oral contact (kissing disease)
Morphology
Clinical Course
Complications
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HIV transmitted sexually
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Neoplastic Proliferations of White Blood Cells
Lymph Nodes Micro-architecture & functional anatomy
Malignant Lymphomas
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Hodgkin’s Disease
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Grade Classification
Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
Follicular Lymphoma
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
precursor B-lymphocytic lymphoma
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
(Small non-cleaved lymphoma)
Malt Lymphoma
Mycosis fungoides; Sezony Syndrome
Adult T-cell Lymphoma
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Rye Classification
Aetiology & Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Nodular Sclerosis
Lymphocyte Predominance
Lymphocyte Depletion
Disorders of the Thymus & Spleen
Splenomegaly
Massive Splenomegaly
Moderate Splenomegaly
Mild Splenomegaly
Thymus

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Central Nervous Systems

Central Nervous Systems

Structure of CNS

* Cerebellum
* Brainstem
* Spinal cord

Cells of the CNS
* Neurons
* Astrocytes
* Oligodendrocytes
* Ependymal cells
* Microglia

Intracranial Space Occupying Lesions

* Variety of causes - expansion in volume of intra-cranial contents
* Diffuse swelling - generalised increase in volume
* Vasodilation
* Oedema
* Focal swelling - focal lesions
* Cerebral abscess
* Intracranial haematomas
* Intrinsic neoplasms
* Extrinsic intracranial lesions

Diffuse Brain Swelling
Vasodilation
Aetiology
Vasogenic
Cytotoxic
Interstitial
Lesion Consequences
Raised Intracranial Pressure
Herniation
Sites of Intracranial Herniation
Hydrocephalus
Systemic Effects of ICP
CNS Trauma
Missile Injury to Brain
Non-Missile Injury to Brain
Traumatic Parenchymal Injuries
Contusions & Haematomas
Traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage
Diffuse axonal injury
Intracranial Haemorrhage
Epidural Haematoma
Subdural Haematoma
Saccular Aneurysms & Sub-Arachnoid Haemorrhage
Cerebrovascular Disease
Global Hypoxic Ischaemic Encephalopathy
Pathophysiology
Stroke; Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)
Cerebral Infarction
Pathophysiology
Morphology
Systemic Hypertension & the CNS
Meningitis
Acute (purulent) Meningitis
Panchymeningitis
Epidural abscess
Subdural empyema
Leptomeningitis
Meningococcal Meningitis
Morphology of Bacterial Meningitis
Diagnosis & Complications
CNS Viral Infections
Acute Lymphocytic (viral) Meningitis
Chronic Meningitis
Cerebral Abscess
Microvascular damage
Area of necrosis
Viral Encephalitis
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
HIV encephalitis
Arbovirus encephalopathies
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopthy
Herpes zoster
Spongiform Encephalopathies
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
Fungal Infections
Demyelinating Conditions
Multiple Sclerosis
Leukodystrophy
Aquired Metabolic Toxic Disturbances
CNS Toxins
Nutritional Vitamin Deficiency
Congenital Abnormalities
Down’s Syndrome
Age-Related Changes to the CNS
Motor Neuron Disease
Parkinsonism
Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease
Dementia
Aetiological Factors of Dementia
Alzheimer’s Disease
Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease
Deposition of Aβ-amyloid (toxic) in brain
Pick’s Disease
Huntington’s Disease
CNS Tumours
Aetiologic & Pathogenesis Factors
Clinico-Pathological Features
Systemic Pathology
Peripheral Nervous System

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