Central Nervous Systems

Central Nervous Systems

Structure of CNS

* Cerebellum
* Brainstem
* Spinal cord

Cells of the CNS
* Neurons
* Astrocytes
* Oligodendrocytes
* Ependymal cells
* Microglia

Intracranial Space Occupying Lesions

* Variety of causes - expansion in volume of intra-cranial contents
* Diffuse swelling - generalised increase in volume
* Vasodilation
* Oedema
* Focal swelling - focal lesions
* Cerebral abscess
* Intracranial haematomas
* Intrinsic neoplasms
* Extrinsic intracranial lesions

Diffuse Brain Swelling
Vasodilation
Aetiology
Vasogenic
Cytotoxic
Interstitial
Lesion Consequences
Raised Intracranial Pressure
Herniation
Sites of Intracranial Herniation
Hydrocephalus
Systemic Effects of ICP
CNS Trauma
Missile Injury to Brain
Non-Missile Injury to Brain
Traumatic Parenchymal Injuries
Contusions & Haematomas
Traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage
Diffuse axonal injury
Intracranial Haemorrhage
Epidural Haematoma
Subdural Haematoma
Saccular Aneurysms & Sub-Arachnoid Haemorrhage
Cerebrovascular Disease
Global Hypoxic Ischaemic Encephalopathy
Pathophysiology
Stroke; Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)
Cerebral Infarction
Pathophysiology
Morphology
Systemic Hypertension & the CNS
Meningitis
Acute (purulent) Meningitis
Panchymeningitis
Epidural abscess
Subdural empyema
Leptomeningitis
Meningococcal Meningitis
Morphology of Bacterial Meningitis
Diagnosis & Complications
CNS Viral Infections
Acute Lymphocytic (viral) Meningitis
Chronic Meningitis
Cerebral Abscess
Microvascular damage
Area of necrosis
Viral Encephalitis
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
HIV encephalitis
Arbovirus encephalopathies
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopthy
Herpes zoster
Spongiform Encephalopathies
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
Fungal Infections
Demyelinating Conditions
Multiple Sclerosis
Leukodystrophy
Aquired Metabolic Toxic Disturbances
CNS Toxins
Nutritional Vitamin Deficiency
Congenital Abnormalities
Down’s Syndrome
Age-Related Changes to the CNS
Motor Neuron Disease
Parkinsonism
Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease
Dementia
Aetiological Factors of Dementia
Alzheimer’s Disease
Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease
Deposition of Aβ-amyloid (toxic) in brain
Pick’s Disease
Huntington’s Disease
CNS Tumours
Aetiologic & Pathogenesis Factors
Clinico-Pathological Features
Systemic Pathology
Peripheral Nervous System

Central Nervous Systems.ppt

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Osteoarticular & Connective Tissues Systemic Pathology

Systemic Pathology

Osteoarticular & Connective Tissues
Bone
Function of Bone
Structure of Bone
Bone Remodeling Cycle
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Fractures & Their Healing
Healing of Fractures
Congenital & Hereditary Bone Disorders
Achondroplasia
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Regulation of Calcium Metabolism
Role in metabolic bone disease
Osteoporosis
Aetiological Factors
Factors in the Development of Osteoporosis
Pathogenesis
Acquired or genetic aetiology
Clinical Features
Rickets & Osteomalacia
manifestations of Vitamin D deficiency
Clinical Features & Diagnosis
Bone Disease Associated with Hyperparathyroidism & Hypercalcaemia
Morphology
Renal Osteodystrophy
Mechanisms of Renal Bone Disease
Osteomyelitis
Pathogenesis
Acute Osteomyelitis
Chronic Osteomyelitis
Tuberculous Osteomyelitis
Paget’s Disease (Osteitis Deformans)
Pathogenesis
Morphology
The affected femur shows characteristic thickening & deormity
Bone Tumours
Disease of the Joints
Osteoarthritis
Fibrillation & fissuring seen in osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Immunological Abnormalities
Infectious Agents
Pathogenesis Overview
Extra-Articular Features
Spondyloarthropathies
Infective Arhtritis (Sepetic arthritis)
Aetiological Organisms

* Staphylococcus aureus
* S. albus (prosthetic jnts); S. pyogens
* Diplococcus pneumoniae
* Neisseria gonorrhoeae (STD)
* Heamophilus influenza (children)
* Gram –ve organisms (drug addicts)
* Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease
* Mycobacterium TB
* Brucella abortus (intervertebral discs)

Routes of infection

* Haematogenous
* Traumatic implantation
* Direct spread from adjacent tissue

Gout
Aetiology of Hyperuricaemia
CHRONIC TOPHACEOUS ARTHRITIS
Pathogenesis of Renal Involvement
Typical Clinical Presentations
Pyrophosphate Arthropathy pseudogout
Systemic Diseases & Joint Changes
Examples

Systemic Pathology.ppt

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Forensic Serology - Immunoassays

Forensic Serology - Immunoassays

Immunoassay Definitions
Structure of Antibodies
Preparation of Polyclonal Antibodies
Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies
Categories of Immunoassay Tests
Competitive Assays
Noncompetitive Assays
Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Immunoassays Methods
Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)
Enzyme Immunoassay (ELISA)
Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA)
Fluorescence
Polarized Light
Accuracy and Precision
Calibrators and Controls
Assay Interferences
Elisa is a type of EIA

Forensic Serology - Immunoassays.ppt

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