Diagnosis of alimentary canal / gastrointestinal tract

Examination of The alimentary canal / gastrointestinal tract

Diagnosis of GIT disorders
History & Physical Exam
Investigations of GIT disease
X-Rays & barium studies
Ultrasound, CT & MRI
Endoscopy
Colonoscopy
Manometry
Gastric analysis
Laparoscopy
Bacterial cultures (stool) & serology

Manifestations of GIT disease
Dyspepsia & Differential Diagnoses
History Taking
Investigatations
Diarrhoea
Aetiology & Pathophysiology
Constipation
Gastro-Intestinal Bleeding
Causes of Weight Loss
Abdominal Pain
Areas of Pain & Differentials
Malabsorption Syndromes
Pruitis Ani - anal and perianal itching
Causes of Oral Ulcerations
Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis
Herpes Simplex Virus
Oral Candidiasis
Salivary Gland Disorders
Suppurative Parotitis - bacterial infection of parotid glands
Mumps
Ulcerative Gingivitis
Oesophagitis
Hiatus Hernia
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome

This is 222 slides presentation. Extensively covered many topics.

The alimentary canal / gastrointestinal tract.ppt

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Introduction to Diagnostics

Introduction to Diagnostics

Following topics are discussed in this presentation

Cornerstones of Medical Ethics
Ethical Principles to Guide Behavior
Process of Diagnosis
History taking

– Physical examination
– Laboratory tests
– Diagnostic Approaches
• Recognition
• Reasoning
• Waiting on events
• Hypothesis
• Selective doubting Reliability of data? Symptoms vs Signs
Attributes of a Symptom
The Health History
Identification data
– Date & time of history
– Age, gender, occupation, marital status
– Source of history & reliability

• Main complaint
– One or more symptoms that is causing the patient to seek help
– Quote patients own words

• History of main complaint
– Amplifies the main complaint
– Pulls in relative portions of systems review
– Includes patients thoughts & feelings
• Past medical history
– Childhood diseases & vaccinations
– Lists adult diseases & surgery
– Health maintenance practice

• Medications & supplements
– Prescription drugs name; dose; route; frequncy
– Home remedies otc; vitamins & minerals; herbal supplements; OCP

• Health status
– Allergies
– Smoking; Alcohol; Recreations drugs
– Caffeine
– Sexual history
• Family history
– Outlines or diagram's
– Age & health of patients
– Age and cause of death
– Particularly parents, grandparents & siblings

• Psycho-Social history
– Educational level
– Economic standards
– Personnel interests
– Lifestyle Etc

• Systems review
– Documents presence or absence of sommon symptoms related to each body system


Techniques of Interviewing
• Active listening
• Adaptive questioning general to direct
• Non-verbal communication
• Facilitation
• Echoing
• Empathetic responses
• Validation
• Reassurance
• Summarization

The Physical Examination
• General overview
• Vital signs
• Skin
• Head, eyes, ears, nose & throat
• Neck & back
• Cardiovascular system
• Respiratory system
• Gastrointestinal system
• Upper & lower extremities & peripheral vascular system
• Nervous system
• Breast exam
• Genital & rectal examination

Introduction to Diagnostics.ppt

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General Medicine - Nutritional & Metabolic Disorders

Nutritional & Metabolic Disorders

water & sodium metabolism
potassium metabolism
calcium metabolism
phosphate metabolism
magnesium metabolism
acid-base metabolism

Understand Nutritional Basics
Vitamins
Vitamin A (Retinol) Deficiency
Clinical Features
Vitamin A (Retinol) Toxicity
* Acute toxicity
* Chronic toxicity
* Hypercarotenosis

Vitamin D Disorders
* Deficiency
Rickets (children)
Osteomalacia

Prohormone
Causes of Rickets & Osteomalacia
Diagnosis of Rickets & Osteomalacia
Vitamin D Toxicity
Vitamin E (tocopherol) Deficiency
Vitamin K Deficiency
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Deficiency
Beri-Beri
Aetiology
Clinical Features
Types of Beri-Beri & Treatment
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Deficiency
Vitamin B3 (niacin; nicotinic acid) Deficiency
Pellegra
Aetiology
Clinical Features
Vitamin B5 (pentothenic acid) Deficiency
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal & pyridoxamine) Deficiency
Vitamin B7 (biotin) Deficiency
Vitamin B9 (folate; folic acid) Deficiency
Causes of Folate deficiency
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) Deficiency
Causes of Vit B12 deficiency
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Deficiency
Scurvy
Minerals
* Iron deficiency
* Iodine deficiency
* Iodine toxicity
Goitre (swelling of neck due to enlargement of the thyroid gland)


* Flourine deficiency
* Flourine toxicity (fluorosis)
* Zinc toxicity
* Chromium deficiency
* Chromium toxicity
* Copper deficiency
* Copper toxicosis
Wilson’s Disease
Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalences
Hyponatraemia
Clinical Features
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion
Aetiology
Pathology
Biochemical Values
Malignancy
Pulmonary disorders
CNS disorders
Hypernatraemia
Hypocalcaemia (abnormally low Ca2+ concentration in the blood)
Hypercalcaemia (abnormally high Ca2+ concentration in the blood)
Hyperparathyroidism
Acid-Base Balance
Respiratory Changes
Renal Changes
pH buffers
Metabolic Acidosis
Lipoprotein Disorders
Lipids
Essential Fatty Acid
Triglycerides
Hypertriglycerolaemia
Cholesterol
Hypercholesterolaemia
Familial Hypercholesterolaemia
Management of Hyperlipidaemia
Dietary Guidelines
DL-cholesterol
Fibrates
Nicotinic acid
Malnutrition
Early Detection & Awareness in Undernutrition
Risk Factors for Undernutrition
Risk Factors for Overnutrition
Diagnosis of Malnutrition
Classification of Nutritional Status via BMI
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Aetiology & Risk Factors
Medical Complications of Weight Gain
Benefits of Moderate Weight Loss

and much more topics are covered in this presentation.

General Medicine.ppt

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