General Medicine - Nutritional & Metabolic Disorders

Nutritional & Metabolic Disorders

water & sodium metabolism
potassium metabolism
calcium metabolism
phosphate metabolism
magnesium metabolism
acid-base metabolism

Understand Nutritional Basics
Vitamins
Vitamin A (Retinol) Deficiency
Clinical Features
Vitamin A (Retinol) Toxicity
* Acute toxicity
* Chronic toxicity
* Hypercarotenosis

Vitamin D Disorders
* Deficiency
Rickets (children)
Osteomalacia

Prohormone
Causes of Rickets & Osteomalacia
Diagnosis of Rickets & Osteomalacia
Vitamin D Toxicity
Vitamin E (tocopherol) Deficiency
Vitamin K Deficiency
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Deficiency
Beri-Beri
Aetiology
Clinical Features
Types of Beri-Beri & Treatment
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Deficiency
Vitamin B3 (niacin; nicotinic acid) Deficiency
Pellegra
Aetiology
Clinical Features
Vitamin B5 (pentothenic acid) Deficiency
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal & pyridoxamine) Deficiency
Vitamin B7 (biotin) Deficiency
Vitamin B9 (folate; folic acid) Deficiency
Causes of Folate deficiency
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) Deficiency
Causes of Vit B12 deficiency
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Deficiency
Scurvy
Minerals
* Iron deficiency
* Iodine deficiency
* Iodine toxicity
Goitre (swelling of neck due to enlargement of the thyroid gland)


* Flourine deficiency
* Flourine toxicity (fluorosis)
* Zinc toxicity
* Chromium deficiency
* Chromium toxicity
* Copper deficiency
* Copper toxicosis
Wilson’s Disease
Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalences
Hyponatraemia
Clinical Features
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion
Aetiology
Pathology
Biochemical Values
Malignancy
Pulmonary disorders
CNS disorders
Hypernatraemia
Hypocalcaemia (abnormally low Ca2+ concentration in the blood)
Hypercalcaemia (abnormally high Ca2+ concentration in the blood)
Hyperparathyroidism
Acid-Base Balance
Respiratory Changes
Renal Changes
pH buffers
Metabolic Acidosis
Lipoprotein Disorders
Lipids
Essential Fatty Acid
Triglycerides
Hypertriglycerolaemia
Cholesterol
Hypercholesterolaemia
Familial Hypercholesterolaemia
Management of Hyperlipidaemia
Dietary Guidelines
DL-cholesterol
Fibrates
Nicotinic acid
Malnutrition
Early Detection & Awareness in Undernutrition
Risk Factors for Undernutrition
Risk Factors for Overnutrition
Diagnosis of Malnutrition
Classification of Nutritional Status via BMI
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Aetiology & Risk Factors
Medical Complications of Weight Gain
Benefits of Moderate Weight Loss

and much more topics are covered in this presentation.

General Medicine.ppt

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Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism

An Overview of Metabolism
Anabolism
Catabolism
Cells and Mitochondria
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
Blood Glucose Homeostasis
Fates of Glucose
High Blood Glucose
Glucose absorbed
Insulin: Glucagon
Pancreas
Muscle
Adipose
Cells
Glycogen
Glucose Metabolism
Fate of Absorbed Glucose
Glucose Utilization

Glucose
Pyruvate
Ribose-5-phosphate
Glycogen
Energy Stores
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Glycolysis
Adipose
Glycogenesis
Lactate (animals)
Acetyl-CoA (TCA cycle)
Ethanol (yeast)
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP)
Mechanisms of ATP Formation
Phosphocreatine + ADP
Creatine + ATP
First Reaction of Glycolysis
Glycolysis - Summary
Pyruvate Metabolism
Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate
Pyruvate Metabolism - Anaerobic
TCA Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidation and Electron Transport
Electron Transport Chain
Total ATP from Glucose
Volatile Fatty Acids
Effect of VFA on Endocrine System
Glycolysis
Energy Storage
and much more are covered in this.ppt

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Drug Metabolism

Drug Metabolism

Transformation of Xenobiotics by Biological Systems
IMPLICATIONS FOR DRUG METABOLISM
1. Termination of drug action
2. Activation of prodrug
3. Bioactivation and toxication
4. Carcinogenesis
5. Tetratogenesis

Termination of Drug Action
Activation of Prodrug
Factors Affecting Drug Metabolism

* Age
* Diet
* Genetic Variation
* State of Health
* Gender
* Degree of Protein Binding
* Species Variation
* Substrate Competition
* Enzyme Induction
* Route of Drug Administration
Organ Sites of Drug Metabolism

* Liver
* Small intestine
* Kidney
* Skin
* Lungs
* Plasma
* All organs of the body
Cellular Sites Of Drug Metabolism
KINETICS OF DRUG METABOLISM
Velocity Of Metabolism Of A Drug
Velocity Of Metabolism Of Three Drugs
Phase of Metabolism
Phase I Reactions
Phase II Metabolism
Patterns of Drug Metabolism
PHASE I METABOLIC PATHWAYS
CONVERSION OF TERFENADINE TO FEXOFENADINE
* The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
CIMETIDINE Inhibits CYP450 Metabolism Of Many Drugs
Monoamine Oxidase Metabolism of Serotonin
Diamine Oxidase
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Xanthine Oxidase
Nitro Reduction
Azo Reduction
Microsomes and cytosol
Amide Hydrolysis
Microsomes and cytosol
Ester Hydrolysis
Microsomes and cytosol
Epoxide Hydrolase

PHASE II METABOLIC PATHWAYS
PHASE II REACTIONS
GLUCURONIDATION
Morphine Metabolism

and much more are covered in this presentation

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