Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune Disorders

Classification of Autoimmune Diseases
Local single organ
Probable:

* Hashimoto thyroidistis
* Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
* Autoimmune atrophic gastritis (pernicious anemia)
* Autoimmune encephalomyelitis
* Autoimmune orchitis
* Goodpasture syndrome
* Autoimmune thrombocytopaenia
* Type I DM (IDDM)
* Myasthenia gravis
* Graves disease

Possible:

* Primary biliary cirrhosis
* Chronic active hepatitis
* Ulcerative colitis
* Membranous glomerulonephritis

Systemic multiple sites

Probable:

* Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
* Rheumatoid arhtritis
* Sjogren’s syndrome
* Reiter syndrome
* Inflammatory myopathy
* Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
* Polyarteritis nodosa

Immunological Tolerance

* State in which an individual is capable of developing an immune response against a specific antigen
* Self- tolerance specifically refers to a lack of immune responsiveness to one’s own tissue antigens
* Immunologically competent cells learn to recognize the body’s own antigens at an early stage
* Central vs peripheral tolerance

Central Tolerance
Clonal deletion
Peripheral Tolerance
Apoptosis
Peripheral suppression
Failure in Tolerance

* Failure in activation-induced cell death (apoptosis)
* Breakdown of T-cell anergy
* Bypass of B-cell requirement for T-cell help
* Failure in T-cell mediated suppression
* Polyclonal lymphocyte activation
* Release of sequestered antigens
* Exposure of cryptic self & epitope speading
* Normally maintained in isolation from immune mechanisms
* Hidden/sequestered antigens may not be recognised as self (such as intracellular substances)
* E.g spermatazoa; myelin protein; lens material



Breakdown of T-cell helper tolerace
T-cell suppressor function
Genetics
Infection
Autoimmune Disorders & Mechanisms
General Pathology
Immunological Antibodies & HLA
Rheumatoid Factor
Antinuclear Antibody
Pansma autoantibodies & Disease Association
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)
HLA – B27

Autoimmune Disorders.ppt